Twin Aster (Man in Space’s conworld megathread)
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
It was an attempt at humor.
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- gestaltist
- mayan
- Posts: 1617
- Joined: 11 Feb 2015 11:23
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Oh, ok. I would normally probably interpret it as such but there is such a wide spectrum of people on this board that I don't assume anything anymore.Linguifex wrote:It was an attempt at humor.
Anyways: other than that one thing confusing me, I keep reading and enjoying your thread. Keep it coming. :)
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Thank you!gestaltist wrote:Anyways: other than that one thing confusing me, I keep reading and enjoying your thread. Keep it coming. :)
Notes dump for a new triconsonantal-language family for the eastern continent.
Spoiler:
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
You are prolific to say the least. I await expectantly for more Zompist Culture Tests to see if i fit into any of your conculture's ideals.
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Thank you!loglorn wrote:You are prolific to say the least. I await expectantly for more Zompist Culture Tests to see if i fit into any of your conculture's ideals.
Just a notes dump:
Spoiler:
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
More on Archaic Wǫkratąk. Citation forms are the first-person singular.
The subjunctive is used for hypothetical or counterfactual events.
bǫCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE PAST
bęCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT
bęC:aCCo SUBJUNCTIVE IMMINENT FUTURE
weCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE
Bǫsaktęt.
stand/3SG.SUBJ.PST
'Perhaps it stood.'
Bǫntom?
eat/2SG.SUBJ.PST
'Could you have eaten?' (cf. Nǫtom? 'Did you eat?')
Ṃbǫŋąr, bǫlaktęt.
go.out/1PL.INDIC.PST win/3SG.SUBJ.PST
'Because we went out, maybe he won.'
Ṃbǫŋąr, welaktęt.
go.out/1PL.INDIC.PST win/3SG.SUBJ.FUT
'Because we went out, he might win.'
The optative is used both when stating a hoped-for outcome of an event and for making requests. Prenasalized stops become plain voiced stops.
nǫCaCCo OPTATIVE PAST
nęCaCCo OPTATIVE PRESENT
iNCa~CCo OPTATIVE IMMINENT FUTURE (nasalization spreads to the first vowel in the stem; i~ > e~)
iNCaCCo OPTATIVE FUTURE
Nǫsaktę ne.
stand/3SG.OPT.PAST perhaps
'Perhaps it stood.' (Implication: I hope it stood.)
Ą kęndo e imbąŋąk. . .
2SG ask/1SG.INDIC.PRES that go.out/1SG.OPT.IMM.FUT
'I ask you if we may go out. . .'
The jussive is used for commands, requests, and imperatives. Due to the nature of the mood, only the two future tenses can be used with it.
oNCaCCo JUSSIVE IMMINENT FUTURE
oCaCCo JUSSIVE FUTURE
Onlakot!
win/2SG.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Win (now)!'
Olaktet.
win/3SG.JUSS.FUT
'Let him win.'
Ą kęrto, opahtet.
2SG command/1SG.INDIC.PRES die/3SG.JUSS.FUT
'I command you to let him die.'
Bęṃṃbaŋer, mę ommagel.
go.out/2PL.SUBJ.IMM.FUT 3SG.INAN buy/2PL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'If you (are about to) go, buy it.'
And now for the passives. Hoo, boy, have I got my work cut out for me.
Subjunctives
obǫCaCCo
obęCaCCo
oC:aCCo
obiCaCCo (remade by analogy; otherwise collapses into the jussive future)
Obǫlmąk…
tell/1PL.PASS.SUBJ.PST
'If we had been told…'
Oddalti…
steal/3PL.PASS.SUBJ.PST
'Were they about to be stolen(, then)…'
Optatives
These were basically all remade by analogy because otherwise there'd be no way to tell what tense the verb was in if it wasn't the immediate future. The analogy worked like this: The -ñga- element was similar to the tense marker already, so basically when the forms merged the tense marking was added to the second vowel to distinguish it. Then, analogy kicked in again to level the immediate-future form and bring it in line with the rest of the "obvious" derivations.
oNCǫCCo
oNCęCCo
oNiC:aCCo
oNCiCCo
onlimąk
'that we (hopefully) be told'
onlikti
win/3PL.PASS.OPT.FUT
'that they (hopefully) be conquered'
Jussives
Again, analogy took place here because otherwise these would be identical to the active jussives. Basically what happened was the form was innovated on analogy with the nasal prefix of the optatives.
oñgaCaCCo
oNCaCCo
oñgalamki
inform/3PL.PASS.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'let them be told (right now)'
onlamki
inform/3PL.PASS.JUSS.FUT
'let them be told (in time)'
REFLEXIVES (a.k.a. kill me now)
Lots of analogy here as well because otherwise the system is an incredible mess. X stands for a reduplicant; N is an assimilatory nasal consonant that surfaces as /n/ in the absence of any place features.
iC:ǫXaCCo
iC:ęXaCCo
iñgaC:aCCo
iC:iXaCCo
iwwǫwagbę 'that he hit himself'
iwwęwagbę 'that he hits himself'
iñgawwagbę 'that he will hit himself (soon)'
iwwiwagbę 'that he will hit himself'
iNCǫXaCCo
iNCęXaCCo
iñgaC:aCCo
iNCiXaCCo
iñwǫwagbę 'that he (hopefully) hit himself'
iñwęwagbę 'that he (hopefully) hits himself'
iñgawwagbę 'that he (hopefully) will hit himself (soon)'
iñwiwagbę 'that he (hopefully) will hit himself'
oñgaC:aCCo (analogy here; ordinarily there would have -ṇg-)
oC:aCCo
oñgawwagbę 'let him hit himself'
owwagbę 'let him hit himself'
So let's see some of these in action.
Kęnno e iñkękanno.
want/1SG.INDIC.PRES that see/1SG.REFL.OPT.PRES
'I want to see myself.'
Kęrto e oñgawwageb.
order/1SG.INDIC.PRES that hit/2SG.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'I command you to hit yourself.'
Oñgarratep!
clean/2PL.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Clean yourselves up!'
Oñgassakot!
stand/2SG.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Stand up!'
This last verb, √skt 'stand', shows how a reflexive can be used on an intransitive to convey intensive force. In some daughter languages this became a full-blown intensive.
Onraṃbod e ą bǫlamko…
consider/2SG.JUSS.IMM.FUT that 2SG tell/3SG.OPT.PST
'Suppose that he told you…'
NEGATION
The negative is a particle do that follows the negated word.
Pęląk e mę indaltę do!
want/2PL.INDIC.PRES that 3SG.INAN steal/3SG.OPT.FUT NEG
'We hope nobody steals it!'
Copular constructions
There is no copula.
Mę kanan.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ
'It is a wish.'
Mę lakap do.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ NEG
'It is not a lowland area.'
The adverb tal 'then, at that time' is used for the past tense:
Mę kanan tal.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ then
'It was his wish.'
Mę lakap do tal.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ NEG then
'It was not a lowland area.'
The future tenses use reflexive forms of the verb √ktl 'make, create' with the postposition de 'into (state)'.
Mę kanan de ikkakatlę.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ into.state make/3SG.REFL.INDIC.IMM.FUT
'It will be (his, e.g.) wish.'
Mę lakap de ikkatlę.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ into.state become/3SG.REFL.INDIC.FUT
'It will be a lowland area.'
Notes and work-in-progress:
The subjunctive is used for hypothetical or counterfactual events.
bǫCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE PAST
bęCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT
bęC:aCCo SUBJUNCTIVE IMMINENT FUTURE
weCaCCo SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE
Bǫsaktęt.
stand/3SG.SUBJ.PST
'Perhaps it stood.'
Bǫntom?
eat/2SG.SUBJ.PST
'Could you have eaten?' (cf. Nǫtom? 'Did you eat?')
Ṃbǫŋąr, bǫlaktęt.
go.out/1PL.INDIC.PST win/3SG.SUBJ.PST
'Because we went out, maybe he won.'
Ṃbǫŋąr, welaktęt.
go.out/1PL.INDIC.PST win/3SG.SUBJ.FUT
'Because we went out, he might win.'
The optative is used both when stating a hoped-for outcome of an event and for making requests. Prenasalized stops become plain voiced stops.
nǫCaCCo OPTATIVE PAST
nęCaCCo OPTATIVE PRESENT
iNCa~CCo OPTATIVE IMMINENT FUTURE (nasalization spreads to the first vowel in the stem; i~ > e~)
iNCaCCo OPTATIVE FUTURE
Nǫsaktę ne.
stand/3SG.OPT.PAST perhaps
'Perhaps it stood.' (Implication: I hope it stood.)
Ą kęndo e imbąŋąk. . .
2SG ask/1SG.INDIC.PRES that go.out/1SG.OPT.IMM.FUT
'I ask you if we may go out. . .'
The jussive is used for commands, requests, and imperatives. Due to the nature of the mood, only the two future tenses can be used with it.
oNCaCCo JUSSIVE IMMINENT FUTURE
oCaCCo JUSSIVE FUTURE
Onlakot!
win/2SG.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Win (now)!'
Olaktet.
win/3SG.JUSS.FUT
'Let him win.'
Ą kęrto, opahtet.
2SG command/1SG.INDIC.PRES die/3SG.JUSS.FUT
'I command you to let him die.'
Bęṃṃbaŋer, mę ommagel.
go.out/2PL.SUBJ.IMM.FUT 3SG.INAN buy/2PL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'If you (are about to) go, buy it.'
And now for the passives. Hoo, boy, have I got my work cut out for me.
Subjunctives
obǫCaCCo
obęCaCCo
oC:aCCo
obiCaCCo (remade by analogy; otherwise collapses into the jussive future)
Obǫlmąk…
tell/1PL.PASS.SUBJ.PST
'If we had been told…'
Oddalti…
steal/3PL.PASS.SUBJ.PST
'Were they about to be stolen(, then)…'
Optatives
These were basically all remade by analogy because otherwise there'd be no way to tell what tense the verb was in if it wasn't the immediate future. The analogy worked like this: The -ñga- element was similar to the tense marker already, so basically when the forms merged the tense marking was added to the second vowel to distinguish it. Then, analogy kicked in again to level the immediate-future form and bring it in line with the rest of the "obvious" derivations.
oNCǫCCo
oNCęCCo
oNiC:aCCo
oNCiCCo
onlimąk
'that we (hopefully) be told'
onlikti
win/3PL.PASS.OPT.FUT
'that they (hopefully) be conquered'
Jussives
Again, analogy took place here because otherwise these would be identical to the active jussives. Basically what happened was the form was innovated on analogy with the nasal prefix of the optatives.
oñgaCaCCo
oNCaCCo
oñgalamki
inform/3PL.PASS.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'let them be told (right now)'
onlamki
inform/3PL.PASS.JUSS.FUT
'let them be told (in time)'
REFLEXIVES (a.k.a. kill me now)
Lots of analogy here as well because otherwise the system is an incredible mess. X stands for a reduplicant; N is an assimilatory nasal consonant that surfaces as /n/ in the absence of any place features.
iC:ǫXaCCo
iC:ęXaCCo
iñgaC:aCCo
iC:iXaCCo
iwwǫwagbę 'that he hit himself'
iwwęwagbę 'that he hits himself'
iñgawwagbę 'that he will hit himself (soon)'
iwwiwagbę 'that he will hit himself'
iNCǫXaCCo
iNCęXaCCo
iñgaC:aCCo
iNCiXaCCo
iñwǫwagbę 'that he (hopefully) hit himself'
iñwęwagbę 'that he (hopefully) hits himself'
iñgawwagbę 'that he (hopefully) will hit himself (soon)'
iñwiwagbę 'that he (hopefully) will hit himself'
oñgaC:aCCo (analogy here; ordinarily there would have -ṇg-)
oC:aCCo
oñgawwagbę 'let him hit himself'
owwagbę 'let him hit himself'
So let's see some of these in action.
Kęnno e iñkękanno.
want/1SG.INDIC.PRES that see/1SG.REFL.OPT.PRES
'I want to see myself.'
Kęrto e oñgawwageb.
order/1SG.INDIC.PRES that hit/2SG.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'I command you to hit yourself.'
Oñgarratep!
clean/2PL.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Clean yourselves up!'
Oñgassakot!
stand/2SG.REFL.JUSS.IMM.FUT
'Stand up!'
This last verb, √skt 'stand', shows how a reflexive can be used on an intransitive to convey intensive force. In some daughter languages this became a full-blown intensive.
Onraṃbod e ą bǫlamko…
consider/2SG.JUSS.IMM.FUT that 2SG tell/3SG.OPT.PST
'Suppose that he told you…'
NEGATION
The negative is a particle do that follows the negated word.
Pęląk e mę indaltę do!
want/2PL.INDIC.PRES that 3SG.INAN steal/3SG.OPT.FUT NEG
'We hope nobody steals it!'
Copular constructions
There is no copula.
Mę kanan.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ
'It is a wish.'
Mę lakap do.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ NEG
'It is not a lowland area.'
The adverb tal 'then, at that time' is used for the past tense:
Mę kanan tal.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ then
'It was his wish.'
Mę lakap do tal.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ NEG then
'It was not a lowland area.'
The future tenses use reflexive forms of the verb √ktl 'make, create' with the postposition de 'into (state)'.
Mę kanan de ikkakatlę.
3SG.INAN want/NMLZ into.state make/3SG.REFL.INDIC.IMM.FUT
'It will be (his, e.g.) wish.'
Mę lakap de ikkatlę.
3SG.INAN lie.low/NMLZ into.state become/3SG.REFL.INDIC.FUT
'It will be a lowland area.'
Notes and work-in-progress:
Spoiler:
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
All right, I've decided that I don't like the prenasalized stops. Thus, they will become implosives /ɓ ɗ ɠ/ ḅ ḍ ġ.
----
Some nominalized stems from the protolanguage created their own analogical patterns. In cases where there are more than four consonants in a word that became analogized, the first three were treated as the root with the rest being a "suffix".
idmǫw 'food' > a verb dęmwo 'I make food', ęddamwo 'I eat' (< 'I make food for myself')
ġarki (pl. ġoraką) 'morsel of food' > a verb ġęrko 'serve food', ęġġarko 'I gorge on'
iñgid 'deer' > ñęgdo 'I prance'
daged 'fox' > dęgdo 'I flee'
kęlir 'brick, ingot' (later > 'brickmaking') > kęlro 'I bake bricks'
ḍibam 'furnace' > ḍębmo 'I fire in a furnace'
kolsǫ 'dowry' > kęlso 'I arrange marriage for someone'
silat (pl. salatą) 'type of flower' > sęlto 'I bloom'
nolon (pl. naląn) 'type of plant' > ęnnalno 'I have allergies' (> nęlno 'I cause someone to suffer an allergic reaction')
malet (pl. malatą) 'type of plant' > ęmmalto 'I look pretty' (> męlto 'I make someone pretty')
dęlañ 'joy' > ęddalño 'I am happy' (> dęlño 'I make someone happy)
sirog (pl. sęragą) 'black' > sęrgo 'I char, I color something black'
dakrim (pl. dokramą) 'raincloud' > ęddakro 'I precipitate, I rain'
tasmǫb (pl. tesamąb) 'deciduous tree' > ęttasmo 'I shed my leaves' (> tęsmo 'I cover in leaves')
tilkales (pl. tilkaląs) 'cloud' > ęttalko 'I drift' (> tęlko 'I cause to drift')
By a similar process:
kęrto 'I command' >
ikrǫt 'code of laws' (mass resultative, typically uncountable, though sometimes you'll see a plural form ikratą when comparing two quantities)
karti (pl. koratą) 'law' (countable resultative)
ikrit (pl. ikratą) 'type of animal described as studious in folklore' (animal nominalizer)
keret (pl. kertą) 'type of animal' (another animal nominalizer)
karit (pl. karątą) 'procedure, due process' (process or result thereof; analogy kicked in to distinguish this plural from the plural of the base nominalizer by adding -ą)
kirat (pl. kirtą) 'judge's seat' (place nominalizer; analogy kicked into distinguish the singular from the base nominalizer)
kirtares pl. kirtarąs 'force of law'
dęmwo 'I make food' >
damwi pl. domawą 'prepared meal'
demew pl. demwą 'type of animal often eaten as food'
damiw pl. damąwą 'cooking process'
damǫw 'cost of food'
dęmaw 'hunger'
damwim pl. domwamą 'large place setting at a feast'
damwǫb pl. demawąb 'type of cereal grain'
dimwames pl. dimwamąs 'summer'
tęrso 'be furious' (√tr 'scream' + -s 'upward') >
itris (pl. itrasą) 'type of animal known to be vicious'
taris (pl. damąwą) 'fury'
tarǫs 'consequence of one's anger'
tęras 'rage'
tersim pl. tersamą 'bully (n.)'
tirsares pl. tirsarąs 'rage, fury (esp. as directed towards something)'
dęlto 'I steal' >
idlǫt 'haul, contraband'
dalti (pl. dolatą) 'stolen good'
dalit (pl. dalątą) 'thievery'
dalǫt 'guilt (as a matter of law)'
dęlat 'guilt (as a matter of conscience)'
diltales pl. diltaląs 'sinkhole'
dakrim (pl. dokramą) 'raincloud' >
dękro 'I precipitate, I rain'
ęddakro 'I drift'
idkǫr 'rain'
dakri (pl. dokarą) 'raindrop'
dakir (pl. dakąrą) 'rainstorm'
dikor (pl. dękarą) 'gray'
dikrakes pl. dikrakąs 'rainy climate'
tasmǫb (pl. tesamąb) 'deciduous tree' >
ęttasmo 'I shed my leaves'
itsǫm (pl. itsamą) 'pile of leaves'
tasmi (pl. tosamą) 'leaf'
tasim (pl. tasąmą) 'autumn'
tisam (pl. tismą) 'stand of trees'
tisom (pl. tęsamą) 'green'
tasmim (pl. tosmamą) 'heavy log'
tilkales (pl. tilkaląs) 'cloud' >
ęttalko 'I drift'
tęlko 'I cause to drift, I set something adrift'
telek pl. telką 'type of animal typically white in color'
tilak pl. tilką 'sky'
tilok pl. tęlaką 'white'
So you get these forms by analogy (some of which was from the singular to the plural or vice versa if one of those forms became identical to something else):
iCCǫC pl. iCCaCą – resultative (typically mass)
CaCCi pl. CoCaCą – resultative (typically instance)
iCCiC pl. iCCaCą – animal
CeCeC pl. CeCCą – animal
CaCeC pl. CaCaCą – plant
CaCiC pl. CaCąCą – process or result thereof
CiCaC pl. CiCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
CaCǫC – price paid for something
CoCoC pl. CaCąC – plant
CęCaC – emotion or mental state (rarely, you'll see a plural CęCąC; this would typically be used for poetic effect or in a philosophical discussion)
CiCoC pl. CęCaCą – color
CaCCim pl. CoCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
CaCCǫb pl. CeCaCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
CiCCa2es pl. CiCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force (the 2 indicates reduplication of the second radical; this was because the original word that instigated this analogy was *tilkeles, and the /l/ was reanalyzed as a reduplicant)
----
There are three main groupings of Wǫkratąk: High Wǫkratąk, spoken in the highlands; Low Wǫkratąk, spoken in the lowland and coastal areas; and East Wǫkratąk, spoken by the group that ended up in the depression between two mountain ranges to the south of the Urheimat.
High Wǫkratąk
High Wǫkratąk merged the implosives into the glottal stop /ʔ/ and coda /h/ became vowel length. /s/ debuccalized into /h/. /l/ fortited to /ɬ/ and /r/ became /l/. /ɛ ɛ̃/ raised to /i ĩ/ following palatalization of alveolars and velars before the latter. /w/ > /b/ if an /m/ preceded it in the stem; otherwise it became /j/, which became a glottal stop following a high front vowel (geminate /j/ became a long glottal stop).
Nǫsaktę ne > Nǫhaksį ni
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > Ą kįndo i imʔąñąk
Olaktet > Ołaktit
Ą kęrto, opahtet > Ą kįlto, opa·tit
Iwwiwagbę > Iʔʔiʔagbį
Kirto > Cilto
Hatim > Hasim
Miwho > Miʔho
Iklat > Ikłat
Onlikti > Onśiksi
ęddamwo > ęddamyo
Low Wǫkratąk
Old Low Wǫkratąk retained the implosives as implosives; various reflexes developed in the different dialects. Original /h/ became the glottal stop /ʔ/; original /g/ became the fricative /h/. Nasal vowels became long vowels and lost their nasality. The third-person singular consonant cluster becomes a geminate of the first consonant, conditioned by the reduplicant at the end of the word. /w/ became /b/ if a labial consonant other than /w/ existed elsewhere in the stem.
Nǫsaktę ne > No·sakte· ne
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > A· ke·ndo e imḅa·ña·k
Olaktet > Olakket
Ą kęrto, opahtet > A· ke·lto, opaʔtet
Iwwiwagbę > Ibbibahbe·
Kirto > Kirto
Hatim > ʔatim
Miwho > Mibʔo
Iklat > Iklat
Onlikti > Onlikti
ęddamwo > ęddambo
East Wǫkratąk
East Wǫkratąk merged the implosives with the corresponding nasals. Postvocalic /w/ became /ʔ/ after /i/; geminates became the sequence /ʔw/. /ŋ/ > /x/. /l/ > /j/.
Nǫsaktę ne > Nǫsaktę ne
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > Ą kęndo e immąxąk
Olaktet > Oyaktet
Ą kęrto, opahtet > Ą kęrto, opahtet
Iwwiwagbę > Iʔwiʔagbę
Kirto > Kirto
Hatim > Hatim
Miwho > Miʔho
Iklat > Ikyat
Onlikti > Onyikti
ęddamwo > ęddamwo
----
Some nominalized stems from the protolanguage created their own analogical patterns. In cases where there are more than four consonants in a word that became analogized, the first three were treated as the root with the rest being a "suffix".
idmǫw 'food' > a verb dęmwo 'I make food', ęddamwo 'I eat' (< 'I make food for myself')
ġarki (pl. ġoraką) 'morsel of food' > a verb ġęrko 'serve food', ęġġarko 'I gorge on'
iñgid 'deer' > ñęgdo 'I prance'
daged 'fox' > dęgdo 'I flee'
kęlir 'brick, ingot' (later > 'brickmaking') > kęlro 'I bake bricks'
ḍibam 'furnace' > ḍębmo 'I fire in a furnace'
kolsǫ 'dowry' > kęlso 'I arrange marriage for someone'
silat (pl. salatą) 'type of flower' > sęlto 'I bloom'
nolon (pl. naląn) 'type of plant' > ęnnalno 'I have allergies' (> nęlno 'I cause someone to suffer an allergic reaction')
malet (pl. malatą) 'type of plant' > ęmmalto 'I look pretty' (> męlto 'I make someone pretty')
dęlañ 'joy' > ęddalño 'I am happy' (> dęlño 'I make someone happy)
sirog (pl. sęragą) 'black' > sęrgo 'I char, I color something black'
dakrim (pl. dokramą) 'raincloud' > ęddakro 'I precipitate, I rain'
tasmǫb (pl. tesamąb) 'deciduous tree' > ęttasmo 'I shed my leaves' (> tęsmo 'I cover in leaves')
tilkales (pl. tilkaląs) 'cloud' > ęttalko 'I drift' (> tęlko 'I cause to drift')
By a similar process:
kęrto 'I command' >
ikrǫt 'code of laws' (mass resultative, typically uncountable, though sometimes you'll see a plural form ikratą when comparing two quantities)
karti (pl. koratą) 'law' (countable resultative)
ikrit (pl. ikratą) 'type of animal described as studious in folklore' (animal nominalizer)
keret (pl. kertą) 'type of animal' (another animal nominalizer)
karit (pl. karątą) 'procedure, due process' (process or result thereof; analogy kicked in to distinguish this plural from the plural of the base nominalizer by adding -ą)
kirat (pl. kirtą) 'judge's seat' (place nominalizer; analogy kicked into distinguish the singular from the base nominalizer)
kirtares pl. kirtarąs 'force of law'
dęmwo 'I make food' >
damwi pl. domawą 'prepared meal'
demew pl. demwą 'type of animal often eaten as food'
damiw pl. damąwą 'cooking process'
damǫw 'cost of food'
dęmaw 'hunger'
damwim pl. domwamą 'large place setting at a feast'
damwǫb pl. demawąb 'type of cereal grain'
dimwames pl. dimwamąs 'summer'
tęrso 'be furious' (√tr 'scream' + -s 'upward') >
itris (pl. itrasą) 'type of animal known to be vicious'
taris (pl. damąwą) 'fury'
tarǫs 'consequence of one's anger'
tęras 'rage'
tersim pl. tersamą 'bully (n.)'
tirsares pl. tirsarąs 'rage, fury (esp. as directed towards something)'
dęlto 'I steal' >
idlǫt 'haul, contraband'
dalti (pl. dolatą) 'stolen good'
dalit (pl. dalątą) 'thievery'
dalǫt 'guilt (as a matter of law)'
dęlat 'guilt (as a matter of conscience)'
diltales pl. diltaląs 'sinkhole'
dakrim (pl. dokramą) 'raincloud' >
dękro 'I precipitate, I rain'
ęddakro 'I drift'
idkǫr 'rain'
dakri (pl. dokarą) 'raindrop'
dakir (pl. dakąrą) 'rainstorm'
dikor (pl. dękarą) 'gray'
dikrakes pl. dikrakąs 'rainy climate'
tasmǫb (pl. tesamąb) 'deciduous tree' >
ęttasmo 'I shed my leaves'
itsǫm (pl. itsamą) 'pile of leaves'
tasmi (pl. tosamą) 'leaf'
tasim (pl. tasąmą) 'autumn'
tisam (pl. tismą) 'stand of trees'
tisom (pl. tęsamą) 'green'
tasmim (pl. tosmamą) 'heavy log'
tilkales (pl. tilkaląs) 'cloud' >
ęttalko 'I drift'
tęlko 'I cause to drift, I set something adrift'
telek pl. telką 'type of animal typically white in color'
tilak pl. tilką 'sky'
tilok pl. tęlaką 'white'
So you get these forms by analogy (some of which was from the singular to the plural or vice versa if one of those forms became identical to something else):
iCCǫC pl. iCCaCą – resultative (typically mass)
CaCCi pl. CoCaCą – resultative (typically instance)
iCCiC pl. iCCaCą – animal
CeCeC pl. CeCCą – animal
CaCeC pl. CaCaCą – plant
CaCiC pl. CaCąCą – process or result thereof
CiCaC pl. CiCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
CaCǫC – price paid for something
CoCoC pl. CaCąC – plant
CęCaC – emotion or mental state (rarely, you'll see a plural CęCąC; this would typically be used for poetic effect or in a philosophical discussion)
CiCoC pl. CęCaCą – color
CaCCim pl. CoCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
CaCCǫb pl. CeCaCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
CiCCa2es pl. CiCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force (the 2 indicates reduplication of the second radical; this was because the original word that instigated this analogy was *tilkeles, and the /l/ was reanalyzed as a reduplicant)
----
There are three main groupings of Wǫkratąk: High Wǫkratąk, spoken in the highlands; Low Wǫkratąk, spoken in the lowland and coastal areas; and East Wǫkratąk, spoken by the group that ended up in the depression between two mountain ranges to the south of the Urheimat.
High Wǫkratąk
High Wǫkratąk merged the implosives into the glottal stop /ʔ/ and coda /h/ became vowel length. /s/ debuccalized into /h/. /l/ fortited to /ɬ/ and /r/ became /l/. /ɛ ɛ̃/ raised to /i ĩ/ following palatalization of alveolars and velars before the latter. /w/ > /b/ if an /m/ preceded it in the stem; otherwise it became /j/, which became a glottal stop following a high front vowel (geminate /j/ became a long glottal stop).
Nǫsaktę ne > Nǫhaksį ni
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > Ą kįndo i imʔąñąk
Olaktet > Ołaktit
Ą kęrto, opahtet > Ą kįlto, opa·tit
Iwwiwagbę > Iʔʔiʔagbį
Kirto > Cilto
Hatim > Hasim
Miwho > Miʔho
Iklat > Ikłat
Onlikti > Onśiksi
ęddamwo > ęddamyo
Low Wǫkratąk
Old Low Wǫkratąk retained the implosives as implosives; various reflexes developed in the different dialects. Original /h/ became the glottal stop /ʔ/; original /g/ became the fricative /h/. Nasal vowels became long vowels and lost their nasality. The third-person singular consonant cluster becomes a geminate of the first consonant, conditioned by the reduplicant at the end of the word. /w/ became /b/ if a labial consonant other than /w/ existed elsewhere in the stem.
Nǫsaktę ne > No·sakte· ne
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > A· ke·ndo e imḅa·ña·k
Olaktet > Olakket
Ą kęrto, opahtet > A· ke·lto, opaʔtet
Iwwiwagbę > Ibbibahbe·
Kirto > Kirto
Hatim > ʔatim
Miwho > Mibʔo
Iklat > Iklat
Onlikti > Onlikti
ęddamwo > ęddambo
East Wǫkratąk
East Wǫkratąk merged the implosives with the corresponding nasals. Postvocalic /w/ became /ʔ/ after /i/; geminates became the sequence /ʔw/. /ŋ/ > /x/. /l/ > /j/.
Nǫsaktę ne > Nǫsaktę ne
Ą kęndo e imḅąŋąk > Ą kęndo e immąxąk
Olaktet > Oyaktet
Ą kęrto, opahtet > Ą kęrto, opahtet
Iwwiwagbę > Iʔwiʔagbę
Kirto > Kirto
Hatim > Hatim
Miwho > Miʔho
Iklat > Ikyat
Onlikti > Onyikti
ęddamwo > ęddamwo
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
It occurs to me that kolsǫ 'dowry' would have a plural. It would be oklasą, so oCCaCą. (Actually, this was analogized from iCCaCą, so I might have East Wǫkratąk retain it. This would cause three of the plural paradigms to be the same, which I think would have interesting results.)
Also had to redo a few singular derivations for similar reasons. (How am I going to handle reflexives? [strike]That's going to be a pain and a half.[/strike] Looks like I spoke too soon…maybe…)
CaCCǫk pl. CaCCąk – participial
CaCiC pl. CaCąC – adjectival (active)
CoCiC pl. CoCąC – adjectival (passive)
iCCǫC pl. iCCaCą – resultative (typically mass)
CoCiC pl. CoCCą – resultative (typically instance)
iCCiC pl. iCCaCą – animal
CeCeC pl. CeCCą – animal
CaCeC pl. CaCCą – plant
CaCaC pl. CaCąCą – process or result thereof
CiCaC pl. CiCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
CaCǫC pl. oCCaCą – price paid for something
CoCoC pl. CaCąC – plant
CęCaC – emotion or mental state
CiCoC pl. CęCCą – color
CaCCim pl. CoCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
CaCCǫb pl. CeCCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
CiCCa2es pl. CiCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force
CǫCC pl. CǫCąC – body part
iCCǫC pl. CiCąC – body part
CaCCǫX pl. CeCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs
iC:aCiC pl. iC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal)
iCCiC pl. CiCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands
CęCCo pl. CoCCǫ – animal
CoXaCiC pl. CoXCąC – animal (typically birds)
CąCXiC pl. CaCXąC – animal (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
CaCeC pl. CeCCǫ – characteristic building or product
CaCoC pl. CiCCǫ – characteristic person
----
Thinking of having the sequence -iw- become -oy in East Wǫkratąk. (Might have the mid-vowel-plus-w sequences become low-vowel-plus-y sequences while I'm at it.) Might hold off on this particular sound change until later; that way some of the various East Wǫkratąk languages can have individual developments in resolving this sequence.
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Body part paradigms:
kǫps pl. kǫpąs 'arm' (Cǫ- from analogy because of plurals falling together) > kępso 'I reach'
iñnǫk pl. ñinąk 'finger' > ñęnko 'I point (at), I indicate'
taksǫs pl. tekasąr 'knee' > ęttakso 'I bend' (> tękso 'I bend something')
issamis pl. issamąs 'stomach' > sęmso 'I digest'
ilkim pl. likąm 'hand' > lękmo 'I grab, I hold'
CǫCC pl. CǫCąC – body part (√pht 'die' > pǫht pl. pǫhąt 'corpse'; √swp 'detect taste' > sǫwp pl. sǫwąp 'tongue'; √wrk 'support' > wǫrk pl. wǫrąk 'back, spine'; √pwġ 'swallow' > pǫwġ pl. pǫwąġ 'esophagus')
iCCǫC pl. CiCąC – body part (√psn 'detect a scent' > ipsǫn pl. pisąn 'nose'; √rkm 'bite' > irkǫm pl. rikąm 'tooth')
CaCCǫX pl. CeCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs (√ḅñr 'go out' > ḅañrǫr pl. ḅeñrąr 'foot'; √tkl 'hear' > taklǫl pl. tekląr 'ear')
iC:aCiC pl. iC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal) (√tsp 'coil, roll up' > ittasip pl. ittasąp 'small intestine, guts'; √rtl 'brown' > irratil pl. irratąl 'liver')
iCCiC pl. CiCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands (√dlk 'rotate' > idlik pl. diląk 'wrist'; √pkr 'flat' > ipkir pl. pikąr 'palm of the hand'; √wgb 'hit, strike' > iwgib pl. wigąb 'fist'; √nd-r 'stick up, stick out' > indir pl. nidąr 'thumb', √db-w 'be left over' > idbiw pl. dibąw 'little finger')
In High Wǫkratąk, the form CeCCąr got reanalyzed as a dual. Most body parts got shunted into some different plural and the dual got extended. Verbs often analogized out an -r or -ąr ending as appropriate. Further, the iCCiC-pl.-CiCąC-pattern words fell into one of the other patterns.
In Low Wǫkratąk, the the iCCiC-pl.-CiCąC-pattern words fell into one of the other patterns as well.
In East Wǫkratąk, iCCiC became the dual. How this happened is a little unclear since it was the singular form; one guess is that its connotation became "one of a pair" which then extended to the pair itself, and that the plural did not undergo this change due to its identical form to that of the iCCǫC plural.
----
Some more on animals. The form CaCCim pl. CoCCamą (large object with a given characteristic) is sometimes used of large animals.
pętlo pl. potalǫ 'squirrel' > CęCCo pl. CoCCǫ (animal; the proto-form had an original -w that dropped)
sosamit pl. sosamąt 'type of bird' > CoXCiC pl. CoXCąC (typically birds)
tąrrin pl. tararąn 'fish' > CąCXiC pl. CaCXąC (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
popahit pl. pophąt 'carrion bird'
totasim pl. totsąm 'type of bird associated with deciduous trees' (√tsm 'deciduous tree')
dęlto pl. dotlǫ 'type of animal considered a pest'
delek pl. delką 'owl' (√dlk 'rotate')
wegeb pl. wegbą 'bird of prey' (√wgb 'hit, strike')
wagbim pl. wogbamą 'type of cat that hunts by dropping down from trees' (√wgb 'hit, strike')
tagrim pl. togramą 'bear' (√tgr 'roar, growl')
dękro pl. dokrǫ 'earthworm' (√dkr 'rain(cloud)') (incidentally, dękar 'the smell of impending rain')
dąmmiw pl. dammąw 'type of fish often used for food'
tarek 'guard tower' pl. terakǫ > CaCeC pl. CeCCǫ 'characteristic building or product'
rakot 'king, governor' pl. rikatą > CaCoC pl. CiCCǫ 'characteristic person'
tasem pl. tesamǫ 'fence' (√tsm 'deciduous tree')
√trk 'guard, stand watch'
> tęrko 'I watch, I guard'
> ęttarko 'I stand watch'
> tarik pl. tarąką 'shift, watch'
> tarǫk pl. otraką 'wage'
> tęrak 'vigilance'
> tarkim pl. torkamą 'defensive structure, trap'
> tirkares pl. tirkarąs 'defensive wave'
> tarok pl. tirkǫ 'guardsman'
√ssm 'flow'
> sisam pl. sismą 'estuary'
> sosom pl. sasąm 'type of aquatic plant'
> sasmim pl. sosmamą 'river'
> sismases pl. sismasąs 'current'
√rwm 'do battle'
> rawmǫk pl. rawmąk 'soldier'
> rawim pl. rawąm 'doing battle, engaging in combat'
> irwǫm pl. irwamą 'war'
> rowim pl. rowmą 'battle'
> rawam pl. rawąmą 'combat'
> riwam pl. riwmą 'battlefield'
> ręwam 'belligerence, "fire" (so to speak), drive'
> riwom pl. ręwmą 'red' (first a poetic term, now the standard in High and Low Wǫkratąk)
> rawmim pl. rowmamą 'unit of troops'
> riwmawes pl. riwmawąs 'army, forces'
> rawem pl. rewmǫ 'armory'
> rawom pl. riwmǫ 'commander, general'
----
Forget it, we're tackling reflexives…and that was less painful than I thought it would have been. (I just hope my thought process was correct here.)
iC:oCCǫk pl. iC:aCCąk – participial
iC:oCiC pl. iC:aCąC – adjectival (active)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:oCąC – adjectival (passive)
węC:oCǫC pl. węC:aCCą – resultative (typically mass)
iC:oCiC pl. iC:oCaCą – resultative (typically instance)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:aCCą – animal
iC:oCeC pl. iC:eCCą – animal
iC:oCeC pl. iC:aCCą – plant
iC:oCaC pl. i:CaCąCą – process or result thereof
iC:oCaC pl. iC:iCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
iC:oCǫC pl. woC:aCCą – price paid for something
iC:oCoC pl. iC:aCąC – plant
iC:oCaC – emotion or mental state
iC:oCoC pl. iC:ęCCą – color
iC:oCCim pl. iC:oCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
iC:oCCǫb pl. iC:eCCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
iC:iCCa2es pl. iC:iCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force
oC:ǫCC pl. iC:ǫCąC – body part
węC:oCǫC pl. węC:iCąC – body part
iC:oCCǫX pl. iC:eCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs
węC:oCiC pl. węC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:iCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands
iC:oCCo pl. iC:oCCǫ – animal
iC:oXaCiC pl. iC:oXCąC – animal (typically birds)
iC:ąCXiC pl. iC:aCXąC – animal (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
iC:oCeC pl. iC:eCCǫ 'characteristic building or product'
iC:oCoC pl. iC:iCCǫ 'characteristic person'
Not sure if the reflexives will be used with the body-part nominalizers, but there they are anyway, just in case.
----
Stress in Archaic Wǫkratąk was on the penult, unless the penult was plain /a/ (nasalized /ã/ was allowed to receive stress). If the penult was non-nasal /a/, stress retracted to the antepenult. Low Wǫkratąk was subject to a rule of /a/-deletion in this position (I have to see if these still apply since I figured out that I didn't delete some /a/ that I needed to):
Also had to redo a few singular derivations for similar reasons. (How am I going to handle reflexives? [strike]That's going to be a pain and a half.[/strike] Looks like I spoke too soon…maybe…)
CaCCǫk pl. CaCCąk – participial
CaCiC pl. CaCąC – adjectival (active)
CoCiC pl. CoCąC – adjectival (passive)
iCCǫC pl. iCCaCą – resultative (typically mass)
CoCiC pl. CoCCą – resultative (typically instance)
iCCiC pl. iCCaCą – animal
CeCeC pl. CeCCą – animal
CaCeC pl. CaCCą – plant
CaCaC pl. CaCąCą – process or result thereof
CiCaC pl. CiCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
CaCǫC pl. oCCaCą – price paid for something
CoCoC pl. CaCąC – plant
CęCaC – emotion or mental state
CiCoC pl. CęCCą – color
CaCCim pl. CoCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
CaCCǫb pl. CeCCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
CiCCa2es pl. CiCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force
CǫCC pl. CǫCąC – body part
iCCǫC pl. CiCąC – body part
CaCCǫX pl. CeCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs
iC:aCiC pl. iC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal)
iCCiC pl. CiCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands
CęCCo pl. CoCCǫ – animal
CoXaCiC pl. CoXCąC – animal (typically birds)
CąCXiC pl. CaCXąC – animal (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
CaCeC pl. CeCCǫ – characteristic building or product
CaCoC pl. CiCCǫ – characteristic person
----
Thinking of having the sequence -iw- become -oy in East Wǫkratąk. (Might have the mid-vowel-plus-w sequences become low-vowel-plus-y sequences while I'm at it.) Might hold off on this particular sound change until later; that way some of the various East Wǫkratąk languages can have individual developments in resolving this sequence.
----
Body part paradigms:
kǫps pl. kǫpąs 'arm' (Cǫ- from analogy because of plurals falling together) > kępso 'I reach'
iñnǫk pl. ñinąk 'finger' > ñęnko 'I point (at), I indicate'
taksǫs pl. tekasąr 'knee' > ęttakso 'I bend' (> tękso 'I bend something')
issamis pl. issamąs 'stomach' > sęmso 'I digest'
ilkim pl. likąm 'hand' > lękmo 'I grab, I hold'
CǫCC pl. CǫCąC – body part (√pht 'die' > pǫht pl. pǫhąt 'corpse'; √swp 'detect taste' > sǫwp pl. sǫwąp 'tongue'; √wrk 'support' > wǫrk pl. wǫrąk 'back, spine'; √pwġ 'swallow' > pǫwġ pl. pǫwąġ 'esophagus')
iCCǫC pl. CiCąC – body part (√psn 'detect a scent' > ipsǫn pl. pisąn 'nose'; √rkm 'bite' > irkǫm pl. rikąm 'tooth')
CaCCǫX pl. CeCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs (√ḅñr 'go out' > ḅañrǫr pl. ḅeñrąr 'foot'; √tkl 'hear' > taklǫl pl. tekląr 'ear')
iC:aCiC pl. iC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal) (√tsp 'coil, roll up' > ittasip pl. ittasąp 'small intestine, guts'; √rtl 'brown' > irratil pl. irratąl 'liver')
iCCiC pl. CiCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands (√dlk 'rotate' > idlik pl. diląk 'wrist'; √pkr 'flat' > ipkir pl. pikąr 'palm of the hand'; √wgb 'hit, strike' > iwgib pl. wigąb 'fist'; √nd-r 'stick up, stick out' > indir pl. nidąr 'thumb', √db-w 'be left over' > idbiw pl. dibąw 'little finger')
In High Wǫkratąk, the form CeCCąr got reanalyzed as a dual. Most body parts got shunted into some different plural and the dual got extended. Verbs often analogized out an -r or -ąr ending as appropriate. Further, the iCCiC-pl.-CiCąC-pattern words fell into one of the other patterns.
In Low Wǫkratąk, the the iCCiC-pl.-CiCąC-pattern words fell into one of the other patterns as well.
In East Wǫkratąk, iCCiC became the dual. How this happened is a little unclear since it was the singular form; one guess is that its connotation became "one of a pair" which then extended to the pair itself, and that the plural did not undergo this change due to its identical form to that of the iCCǫC plural.
----
Some more on animals. The form CaCCim pl. CoCCamą (large object with a given characteristic) is sometimes used of large animals.
pętlo pl. potalǫ 'squirrel' > CęCCo pl. CoCCǫ (animal; the proto-form had an original -w that dropped)
sosamit pl. sosamąt 'type of bird' > CoXCiC pl. CoXCąC (typically birds)
tąrrin pl. tararąn 'fish' > CąCXiC pl. CaCXąC (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
popahit pl. pophąt 'carrion bird'
totasim pl. totsąm 'type of bird associated with deciduous trees' (√tsm 'deciduous tree')
dęlto pl. dotlǫ 'type of animal considered a pest'
delek pl. delką 'owl' (√dlk 'rotate')
wegeb pl. wegbą 'bird of prey' (√wgb 'hit, strike')
wagbim pl. wogbamą 'type of cat that hunts by dropping down from trees' (√wgb 'hit, strike')
tagrim pl. togramą 'bear' (√tgr 'roar, growl')
dękro pl. dokrǫ 'earthworm' (√dkr 'rain(cloud)') (incidentally, dękar 'the smell of impending rain')
dąmmiw pl. dammąw 'type of fish often used for food'
tarek 'guard tower' pl. terakǫ > CaCeC pl. CeCCǫ 'characteristic building or product'
rakot 'king, governor' pl. rikatą > CaCoC pl. CiCCǫ 'characteristic person'
tasem pl. tesamǫ 'fence' (√tsm 'deciduous tree')
√trk 'guard, stand watch'
> tęrko 'I watch, I guard'
> ęttarko 'I stand watch'
> tarik pl. tarąką 'shift, watch'
> tarǫk pl. otraką 'wage'
> tęrak 'vigilance'
> tarkim pl. torkamą 'defensive structure, trap'
> tirkares pl. tirkarąs 'defensive wave'
> tarok pl. tirkǫ 'guardsman'
√ssm 'flow'
> sisam pl. sismą 'estuary'
> sosom pl. sasąm 'type of aquatic plant'
> sasmim pl. sosmamą 'river'
> sismases pl. sismasąs 'current'
√rwm 'do battle'
> rawmǫk pl. rawmąk 'soldier'
> rawim pl. rawąm 'doing battle, engaging in combat'
> irwǫm pl. irwamą 'war'
> rowim pl. rowmą 'battle'
> rawam pl. rawąmą 'combat'
> riwam pl. riwmą 'battlefield'
> ręwam 'belligerence, "fire" (so to speak), drive'
> riwom pl. ręwmą 'red' (first a poetic term, now the standard in High and Low Wǫkratąk)
> rawmim pl. rowmamą 'unit of troops'
> riwmawes pl. riwmawąs 'army, forces'
> rawem pl. rewmǫ 'armory'
> rawom pl. riwmǫ 'commander, general'
----
Forget it, we're tackling reflexives…and that was less painful than I thought it would have been. (I just hope my thought process was correct here.)
iC:oCCǫk pl. iC:aCCąk – participial
iC:oCiC pl. iC:aCąC – adjectival (active)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:oCąC – adjectival (passive)
węC:oCǫC pl. węC:aCCą – resultative (typically mass)
iC:oCiC pl. iC:oCaCą – resultative (typically instance)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:aCCą – animal
iC:oCeC pl. iC:eCCą – animal
iC:oCeC pl. iC:aCCą – plant
iC:oCaC pl. i:CaCąCą – process or result thereof
iC:oCaC pl. iC:iCCą – characteristic place, or plant (typically flowers)
iC:oCǫC pl. woC:aCCą – price paid for something
iC:oCoC pl. iC:aCąC – plant
iC:oCaC – emotion or mental state
iC:oCoC pl. iC:ęCCą – color
iC:oCCim pl. iC:oCCamą – large object with a given characteristic
iC:oCCǫb pl. iC:eCCąb – yet another plant nominalizer
iC:iCCa2es pl. iC:iCCa2ąs – natural occurrence or process; force
oC:ǫCC pl. iC:ǫCąC – body part
węC:oCǫC pl. węC:iCąC – body part
iC:oCCǫX pl. iC:eCCąr – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs
węC:oCiC pl. węC:aCąC – body part (esp. internal)
węC:oCiC pl. węC:iCąC – body part, especially ones occurring in pairs, particularly of the hands
iC:oCCo pl. iC:oCCǫ – animal
iC:oXaCiC pl. iC:oXCąC – animal (typically birds)
iC:ąCXiC pl. iC:aCXąC – animal (typically used only of fish or animals closely associated with water)
iC:oCeC pl. iC:eCCǫ 'characteristic building or product'
iC:oCoC pl. iC:iCCǫ 'characteristic person'
Not sure if the reflexives will be used with the body-part nominalizers, but there they are anyway, just in case.
----
Stress in Archaic Wǫkratąk was on the penult, unless the penult was plain /a/ (nasalized /ã/ was allowed to receive stress). If the penult was non-nasal /a/, stress retracted to the antepenult. Low Wǫkratąk was subject to a rule of /a/-deletion in this position (I have to see if these still apply since I figured out that I didn't delete some /a/ that I needed to):
- When #C_CV, penult /a/ metathesized with the first consonant: #CaCV > #aCCV.
- When VC_CV, penult /a/ was dropped.
- When C_CV(C)#, penult /a/ assimilated to the following vowel, which was then dropped, even when this would create a cluster violating the sonority hierarchy: CaCV(C)# > CVC(C)# (with Cw# > Cu#).
- When #C_CC, penult /a/ becomes /o/ if one of the intervening consonants is /w/ or if the following vowel is a back vowel. Otherwise, when #C_CC, penult /a/ becomes /e/.
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Redoing a few things: The instance resultative is CoCCi by analogy with its plural due to conflation with the passive adjectival form.
nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain' > CiC:aC pl. CiCaXCą 'landform'
Verbs ('I am mountainous', 'I am characteristic of rivers', that sort of thing) are derived from these roots. In High and Low Wǫkratąk, this pattern becomes the standard agent nominalizer for reflexive verbs.
√kls 'marry off, arrange marriage for'
> ękkalso 'get married'
> iklǫs pl. iklasą 'matrimony'
> kolis pl. kolsą 'family'
> kalas pl. kaląsą 'wedding'
> kalǫs pl. oklasą 'dowry'
> kęlas 'apprehension related to a wedding, "cold feet" (so to speak)'
> kalos pl. kilsǫ 'mother-in-law'
√kps 'reach'
> kepes pl. kepsą 'giraffe'
> kipas pl. kipsą 'type of tall flower'
> kopos pl. kapąs 'vine'
> kǫps pl. kǫpąs 'arm'
> kokpis pl. kokpąs 'flamingo'
> kąppis pl. kappąs 'swan'
> kippas pl. kipapsą 'summit, peak'
√krñ 'play a musical instrument'
> kęrño 'I write a song (for instruments)'
> ękkarño 'I play a musical instrument'
> karñǫk pl. karñąk 'musician'
> korñǫk pl. korñąk 'musical instrument'
> ikrǫñ pl. ikrañą 'instrumental music'
> koriñ pl. korñą 'instrumental song'
> karañ pl. karąñą 'musicianship; composition'
> kirañ pl. kirñą 'bazaar'
> kęrañ 'concentration on playing an instrument'
> karñim pl. korñamą 'drum'
> kirñares pl. kirñarąs 'creative genius related to musical instruments'
> karoñ pl. kirñǫ 'master musician'
√nlr 'sing'
> nalrǫk pl. nalrąk 'songwriter, poet'
> inlǫk pl. inlaką 'vocal music, poetry'
> nolik pl. nolką 'song, poem'
> nalak pl. naląką 'composition'
> nilak pl. nilką 'desk'
> nęlak 'creativity'
> nilkales pl. nilkaląs 'inspiration, burst of creativity'
> nǫlk pl. nǫląk 'mouth'
> nonlik pl. nonląk 'songbird'
> nalok pl. nilkǫ 'ashik, bard'
√nsm 'be mountainous'
> ęnnasmo 'I am mountainous'
> nasmǫk pl. nasmąk 'piedmont'
> nasim pl. nasąm 'mountainous'
> Nosim 'a specific mountain'
> insim pl. insamą 'type of bird found at high altitudes'
> nesem pl. nesmą 'type of mammal found at high altitudes'
> nasem pl. nasmą 'type of tree found at high altitudes'
> nisam pl. nismą 'mountain range'
> nosom pl. nasąm 'type of plant found at high altitudes'
> nęsam 'wanderlust'
> Nasmim 'a specific mountain'
> nasmǫb pl. nesmąb 'type of plant found at high altitudes'
> nasom pl. nismǫ 'mountain-dweller'
> nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain'
√ppt 'be powerful, have force to back up a threat'
> papat pl. papąt 'threat (party)'
> ippǫt pl. ippatą 'destruction'
> popti pl. poptą 'show of force'
> ippit pl. ippatą 'type of dangerous animal'
> papat pl. papątą 'threat (ultimatum)'
> papǫt pl. oppatą 'bribe, hush money'
> pępat 'fear'
> paptim pl. poptamą 'obstacle, hazard, danger, trap'
> piptapes pl. piptapąs 'hurricane'
> pąppit pl. pappąt 'shark'
√skt 'shine'
> sakat pl. sakątą 'light'
> sokot pl. sakąt 'type of flower'
> sikot pl. sęktą 'yellow'
> saktǫb pl. sektąb 'lichen, moss'
> siktakes pl. siktakąs 'sun'
> saktǫt pl. sektąr 'eye'
> soskit pl. soskąt 'type of bird'
> sąkkit pl. sakkąt 'cuttlefish, squid, octopus'
√tkt 'be foreign; trade'
> ęttoktok 'I am foreign'
> ittokit pl. ittakąt 'foreign'
> tękot 'I trade'
> taktǫk pl. taktąk 'trader, tradesman'
> takit pl. takąt 'trading, for trade, dealing with trade'
> tokit pl. tokąt 'traded'
> itkǫk pl. itkatą 'trade; economy'
> tokit pl. toktą 'deal, transaction'
> tękat 'foreign mindset'
> taket pl. tektǫ 'trade goods'
> takot pl. tiktǫ 'foreigner'
√tlk 'cloud'
> ęttalko 'I drift'
> tęlko 'I cause to drift, I set something adrift'
> telek pl. telką 'type of animal typically white in color'
> tilak pl. tilką 'sky'
> tilok pl. tęlką 'white'
> tilkales pl. tilkaląs 'cloud'
> talkǫk pl. telkąr 'white of the eye'
> tąllik pl. talląk 'type of whale'
> talok pl. tilkǫ 'transient'
wtk 'stretch'
> wǫwǫtkǫk pl. wǫwtakąk 'sky'
> witak pl. witką 'type of plant'
> wotok pl. watąk 'type of plant'
> watkim pl. wotkamą 'bridge'
> wǫtk pl. wǫtąk 'lower jaw'
> watok pl. witkǫ 'person who makes rope'
> iwwotak pl. iwwitką 'type of flower'
> iwwotak 'pain due to torture'
> węwwotǫk pl. węwwitąk 'throat'
> iwwotok pl. iwwitkǫ 'acrobat, performer'
----
The nisba-type form in this language was originally a postpositive hę. Sandhi rules have transformed it into a suffix that will cause, when appropriate, gemination of the final consonant or deletion of penult /a/. These forms, unlike in Arabic, cannot stand on their own and require a referent (they do not have plural forms).
nalrǫk > nalrǫkkę 'relating to a songwriter'
nolik > nolikkę 'poetic'
ikrǫñ > ikrǫññę 'musical'
ippǫt > ippǫttę 'destructive'
nisam > nismę 'endemic to a mountain range'
nęsam > nęsmę 'dealing with wanderlust, full of wanderlust'
witak > witkę 'relating to the witak plant'
iwwotak > iwwotkę 'relating to the iwwotak plant'
----
Also thinking about having ñ > g in onset in East Wǫkratąk.
nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain' > CiC:aC pl. CiCaXCą 'landform'
Verbs ('I am mountainous', 'I am characteristic of rivers', that sort of thing) are derived from these roots. In High and Low Wǫkratąk, this pattern becomes the standard agent nominalizer for reflexive verbs.
√kls 'marry off, arrange marriage for'
> ękkalso 'get married'
> iklǫs pl. iklasą 'matrimony'
> kolis pl. kolsą 'family'
> kalas pl. kaląsą 'wedding'
> kalǫs pl. oklasą 'dowry'
> kęlas 'apprehension related to a wedding, "cold feet" (so to speak)'
> kalos pl. kilsǫ 'mother-in-law'
√kps 'reach'
> kepes pl. kepsą 'giraffe'
> kipas pl. kipsą 'type of tall flower'
> kopos pl. kapąs 'vine'
> kǫps pl. kǫpąs 'arm'
> kokpis pl. kokpąs 'flamingo'
> kąppis pl. kappąs 'swan'
> kippas pl. kipapsą 'summit, peak'
√krñ 'play a musical instrument'
> kęrño 'I write a song (for instruments)'
> ękkarño 'I play a musical instrument'
> karñǫk pl. karñąk 'musician'
> korñǫk pl. korñąk 'musical instrument'
> ikrǫñ pl. ikrañą 'instrumental music'
> koriñ pl. korñą 'instrumental song'
> karañ pl. karąñą 'musicianship; composition'
> kirañ pl. kirñą 'bazaar'
> kęrañ 'concentration on playing an instrument'
> karñim pl. korñamą 'drum'
> kirñares pl. kirñarąs 'creative genius related to musical instruments'
> karoñ pl. kirñǫ 'master musician'
√nlr 'sing'
> nalrǫk pl. nalrąk 'songwriter, poet'
> inlǫk pl. inlaką 'vocal music, poetry'
> nolik pl. nolką 'song, poem'
> nalak pl. naląką 'composition'
> nilak pl. nilką 'desk'
> nęlak 'creativity'
> nilkales pl. nilkaląs 'inspiration, burst of creativity'
> nǫlk pl. nǫląk 'mouth'
> nonlik pl. nonląk 'songbird'
> nalok pl. nilkǫ 'ashik, bard'
√nsm 'be mountainous'
> ęnnasmo 'I am mountainous'
> nasmǫk pl. nasmąk 'piedmont'
> nasim pl. nasąm 'mountainous'
> Nosim 'a specific mountain'
> insim pl. insamą 'type of bird found at high altitudes'
> nesem pl. nesmą 'type of mammal found at high altitudes'
> nasem pl. nasmą 'type of tree found at high altitudes'
> nisam pl. nismą 'mountain range'
> nosom pl. nasąm 'type of plant found at high altitudes'
> nęsam 'wanderlust'
> Nasmim 'a specific mountain'
> nasmǫb pl. nesmąb 'type of plant found at high altitudes'
> nasom pl. nismǫ 'mountain-dweller'
> nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain'
√ppt 'be powerful, have force to back up a threat'
> papat pl. papąt 'threat (party)'
> ippǫt pl. ippatą 'destruction'
> popti pl. poptą 'show of force'
> ippit pl. ippatą 'type of dangerous animal'
> papat pl. papątą 'threat (ultimatum)'
> papǫt pl. oppatą 'bribe, hush money'
> pępat 'fear'
> paptim pl. poptamą 'obstacle, hazard, danger, trap'
> piptapes pl. piptapąs 'hurricane'
> pąppit pl. pappąt 'shark'
√skt 'shine'
> sakat pl. sakątą 'light'
> sokot pl. sakąt 'type of flower'
> sikot pl. sęktą 'yellow'
> saktǫb pl. sektąb 'lichen, moss'
> siktakes pl. siktakąs 'sun'
> saktǫt pl. sektąr 'eye'
> soskit pl. soskąt 'type of bird'
> sąkkit pl. sakkąt 'cuttlefish, squid, octopus'
√tkt 'be foreign; trade'
> ęttoktok 'I am foreign'
> ittokit pl. ittakąt 'foreign'
> tękot 'I trade'
> taktǫk pl. taktąk 'trader, tradesman'
> takit pl. takąt 'trading, for trade, dealing with trade'
> tokit pl. tokąt 'traded'
> itkǫk pl. itkatą 'trade; economy'
> tokit pl. toktą 'deal, transaction'
> tękat 'foreign mindset'
> taket pl. tektǫ 'trade goods'
> takot pl. tiktǫ 'foreigner'
√tlk 'cloud'
> ęttalko 'I drift'
> tęlko 'I cause to drift, I set something adrift'
> telek pl. telką 'type of animal typically white in color'
> tilak pl. tilką 'sky'
> tilok pl. tęlką 'white'
> tilkales pl. tilkaląs 'cloud'
> talkǫk pl. telkąr 'white of the eye'
> tąllik pl. talląk 'type of whale'
> talok pl. tilkǫ 'transient'
wtk 'stretch'
> wǫwǫtkǫk pl. wǫwtakąk 'sky'
> witak pl. witką 'type of plant'
> wotok pl. watąk 'type of plant'
> watkim pl. wotkamą 'bridge'
> wǫtk pl. wǫtąk 'lower jaw'
> watok pl. witkǫ 'person who makes rope'
> iwwotak pl. iwwitką 'type of flower'
> iwwotak 'pain due to torture'
> węwwotǫk pl. węwwitąk 'throat'
> iwwotok pl. iwwitkǫ 'acrobat, performer'
----
The nisba-type form in this language was originally a postpositive hę. Sandhi rules have transformed it into a suffix that will cause, when appropriate, gemination of the final consonant or deletion of penult /a/. These forms, unlike in Arabic, cannot stand on their own and require a referent (they do not have plural forms).
nalrǫk > nalrǫkkę 'relating to a songwriter'
nolik > nolikkę 'poetic'
ikrǫñ > ikrǫññę 'musical'
ippǫt > ippǫttę 'destructive'
nisam > nismę 'endemic to a mountain range'
nęsam > nęsmę 'dealing with wanderlust, full of wanderlust'
witak > witkę 'relating to the witak plant'
iwwotak > iwwotkę 'relating to the iwwotak plant'
----
Also thinking about having ñ > g in onset in East Wǫkratąk.
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
So the three dialect groupings of Wǫkratąk are:
-r 'far'
----
tiktel pl. tiktąl 'city' > CiC1eC pl. CiC1ąC 'structure built for some purpose'
tirtek pl. tirtąk 'defensive fortification' (dialectally > 'tower over the city gate' > 'city gate')
sissem pl. sissąm 'water wheel'
tistem pl. tistąm 'lumber mill'
riwrem pl. riwrąm 'suit of armor'
nilner pl. nilnąr 'theater'
pippet pl. pippąt 'battering ram'
tiktet pl. tiktąt 'trading post' (dialectally > 'bank')
ñinñek pl. ñinñąk 'marker, landmark'
dikder pl. dikdąr 'gutter; rain barrel; downspout'
dimdew pl. dimdąw 'oven, stove' (dialectally > 'kitchen')
liklep pl. likląp 'shelter, refuge, hideout, safe house'
wigweb pl. wigwąb 'unit of armed forces'
pihpet pl. pihpąt 'grave'
----
√tkl 'be urban'
> takil pl. takąl 'urban, city-'
> itkǫl pl. itkalą 'populace, culture'
> tokil pl. toklą 'resident'
> takal pl. takąlą 'city life'
> tikal pl. tiklą 'town square' (< 'city center')
> taklim pl. toklamą 'city-state'
> tęklo pl. toklǫ 'rat, pest'
> totakil pl. totkąl 'pigeon'
> takol pl. taklǫ 'city-dweller, urbanite'
> tiktel pl. tiktąl 'city, urban area'
√plr 'contradict, be inconsistent'
> palir pl. paląr 'contradictory'
> iplǫr pl. iplarą 'disagreement, dissent'
> polir pl. polrą 'disagreement, sticking point'
> palar pl. paląrą 'contradiction, inconsistency, problem'
> pęlar 'cognitive dissonance'
> palor pl. pilrǫ 'intellectual rival'
√nkt 'purify'
> inkit pl. inkatą 'type of animal'
> nakat pl. nakątą 'purification; fast'
> nikat pl. niktą 'type of plant often used to sweeten water'
> naktǫb pl. nektąb 'type of plant used as medicine'
> nakot pl. niktǫ 'ascetic'
√ḅkl 'split'
> ḅakil pl. ḅakąl 'splitting (something)'
> ḅokil pl. ḅokąl '(something) split'
> ḅaḅaklǫk pl. ḅaḅkaląk '(something that is) splitting'
> ḅikal pl. ḅiklą 'fault line'
> ḅiklakes pl. ḅiklakąs 'earthquake causing a rift'
> ḅikkal pl. ḅikaklą 'valley'
> ḅaḅkal pl. ḅaḅkąl 'valley'
√nḍ-p 'hollow out'
> ęnnaḍpo 'I feel depressed'
> nanaḍpǫk pl. nanḍapąk 'depressed person'
> naḍpǫk pl. naḍpąk 'spoon'
> noḍip pl. noḍąp 'hollowed-out'
> noḍip pl. noḍpą 'husk, shell'
> niḍap pl. niḍpą 'type of flower with large bulb'
> nęḍap 'depression'
> nǫḍp pl. nǫḍąp 'skeleton'
> inḍǫp pl. niḍąp 'animal shell'
> innaḍip pl. innaḍąp 'skeleton'
> inḍip pl. niḍąp 'palm of the hand' (poetic variant, became standard in Takil)
> niḍḍap pl. niḍaḍpą 'depression, rift valley'
----
Checking on my participles…going to have to add in a rule where the first vowel of three low vowels is deleted if it doesn't create an unwieldy cluster, particularly in initial position.
BASE (ADJECTIVAL)
CaCCǫk
CaCCąk
CoCCǫk
CoCCąk
-ǫ- PAST
CǫCCǫk
CǫCCąk
wǫCaCCǫk
wǫCCaCąk
-ę- PRESENT (these tend to develop into forms with specialized meanings; the adjectival forms above are preferred)
CęCCǫk
CęCCąk
węCęCCǫk
węCCaCąk
-ġa- IMMEDIATE FUTURE
ġaCaCCǫk
ġaCCaCąk
ġoCaCCǫk
ġoCCaCąk
-i- FUTURE
CiCCǫk
CiCCąk
wiCaCCǫk
wiCCaCąk
----
Now on to reflexive participles (fun…).
CaXaCCǫk
CaXCaCąk
CǫXaCCǫk
CǫXCaCąk
CęXaCCǫk
CęXCaCąk
iC:aXaCCǫk
iC:aXCaCąk
CiXaCCǫk
CiXCaCąk
----
Verbal nominalizer
CaXCaC
CaXCąC
----
So stuff like nanaktǫk pl. nankatąk 'fasting', dadamwǫk pl. dadmawąk 'eating', tatalkǫk pl. tatlakąk 'drifting', nanalnǫk pl. nanlanąk 'allergy-stricken'…
- Nasommę (High Wǫkratąk)
- Takil (Low Wǫkratąk)
- Ḅǫñrǫkkę (East Wǫkratąk)
-r 'far'
----
tiktel pl. tiktąl 'city' > CiC1eC pl. CiC1ąC 'structure built for some purpose'
tirtek pl. tirtąk 'defensive fortification' (dialectally > 'tower over the city gate' > 'city gate')
sissem pl. sissąm 'water wheel'
tistem pl. tistąm 'lumber mill'
riwrem pl. riwrąm 'suit of armor'
nilner pl. nilnąr 'theater'
pippet pl. pippąt 'battering ram'
tiktet pl. tiktąt 'trading post' (dialectally > 'bank')
ñinñek pl. ñinñąk 'marker, landmark'
dikder pl. dikdąr 'gutter; rain barrel; downspout'
dimdew pl. dimdąw 'oven, stove' (dialectally > 'kitchen')
liklep pl. likląp 'shelter, refuge, hideout, safe house'
wigweb pl. wigwąb 'unit of armed forces'
pihpet pl. pihpąt 'grave'
----
√tkl 'be urban'
> takil pl. takąl 'urban, city-'
> itkǫl pl. itkalą 'populace, culture'
> tokil pl. toklą 'resident'
> takal pl. takąlą 'city life'
> tikal pl. tiklą 'town square' (< 'city center')
> taklim pl. toklamą 'city-state'
> tęklo pl. toklǫ 'rat, pest'
> totakil pl. totkąl 'pigeon'
> takol pl. taklǫ 'city-dweller, urbanite'
> tiktel pl. tiktąl 'city, urban area'
√plr 'contradict, be inconsistent'
> palir pl. paląr 'contradictory'
> iplǫr pl. iplarą 'disagreement, dissent'
> polir pl. polrą 'disagreement, sticking point'
> palar pl. paląrą 'contradiction, inconsistency, problem'
> pęlar 'cognitive dissonance'
> palor pl. pilrǫ 'intellectual rival'
√nkt 'purify'
> inkit pl. inkatą 'type of animal'
> nakat pl. nakątą 'purification; fast'
> nikat pl. niktą 'type of plant often used to sweeten water'
> naktǫb pl. nektąb 'type of plant used as medicine'
> nakot pl. niktǫ 'ascetic'
√ḅkl 'split'
> ḅakil pl. ḅakąl 'splitting (something)'
> ḅokil pl. ḅokąl '(something) split'
> ḅaḅaklǫk pl. ḅaḅkaląk '(something that is) splitting'
> ḅikal pl. ḅiklą 'fault line'
> ḅiklakes pl. ḅiklakąs 'earthquake causing a rift'
> ḅikkal pl. ḅikaklą 'valley'
> ḅaḅkal pl. ḅaḅkąl 'valley'
√nḍ-p 'hollow out'
> ęnnaḍpo 'I feel depressed'
> nanaḍpǫk pl. nanḍapąk 'depressed person'
> naḍpǫk pl. naḍpąk 'spoon'
> noḍip pl. noḍąp 'hollowed-out'
> noḍip pl. noḍpą 'husk, shell'
> niḍap pl. niḍpą 'type of flower with large bulb'
> nęḍap 'depression'
> nǫḍp pl. nǫḍąp 'skeleton'
> inḍǫp pl. niḍąp 'animal shell'
> innaḍip pl. innaḍąp 'skeleton'
> inḍip pl. niḍąp 'palm of the hand' (poetic variant, became standard in Takil)
> niḍḍap pl. niḍaḍpą 'depression, rift valley'
----
Checking on my participles…going to have to add in a rule where the first vowel of three low vowels is deleted if it doesn't create an unwieldy cluster, particularly in initial position.
BASE (ADJECTIVAL)
CaCCǫk
CaCCąk
CoCCǫk
CoCCąk
-ǫ- PAST
CǫCCǫk
CǫCCąk
wǫCaCCǫk
wǫCCaCąk
-ę- PRESENT (these tend to develop into forms with specialized meanings; the adjectival forms above are preferred)
CęCCǫk
CęCCąk
węCęCCǫk
węCCaCąk
-ġa- IMMEDIATE FUTURE
ġaCaCCǫk
ġaCCaCąk
ġoCaCCǫk
ġoCCaCąk
-i- FUTURE
CiCCǫk
CiCCąk
wiCaCCǫk
wiCCaCąk
----
Now on to reflexive participles (fun…).
CaXaCCǫk
CaXCaCąk
CǫXaCCǫk
CǫXCaCąk
CęXaCCǫk
CęXCaCąk
iC:aXaCCǫk
iC:aXCaCąk
CiXaCCǫk
CiXCaCąk
----
Verbal nominalizer
CaXCaC
CaXCąC
----
So stuff like nanaktǫk pl. nankatąk 'fasting', dadamwǫk pl. dadmawąk 'eating', tatalkǫk pl. tatlakąk 'drifting', nanalnǫk pl. nanlanąk 'allergy-stricken'…
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Ḅǫñrǫkkę should be Mǫñrǫkkę, shouldn't it? That dialect merged the implosives with the nasals. And Nasommę should be Nahommį.
For reference purposes:
Personal pronouns
to 1SG > N to, T to, M to
ą 2SG > N ą, T a·, M ą
ęr 3SG.M > N įl, T e·r, M ęr
oḍ 3SG.F > N oʔ, T oḍ, M om
mę 3SG.INAN > N mį, T me·, M mę
są 1PL > N hą, T sa·, M są
eḅ 2PL > N iʔ, T eḅ, M em
ihhi 3PL.M > N i·hi, T iʔʔi, M ihhi
aḍor 3PL.F > N aʔol, T aḍor, M anor
eti 3PL.INAN > N isi, T eti, M eti
Thinking of changing the "past" adverb from tal to al. Then it can attach itself to the verb, and since I want to introduce metathesis at some point, it could get incorporated into the pattern for past verbs from a construction PRESENT + 'then' meaning "having just" done whatever. Then the l can assimilate and cause a new pattern which will ultimately replace the original past construction. This would probably happen in Tikal. Not sure if I want it to happen in Nahommį. Either way, it is less likely that it will occur in Mǫñrǫkkę.
dęmwo al 'I have just made food' > dęmwoal > dęmwol > dęmlow > dęmmow > de·mmow
This metathesis of "suffix" consonant plus last radical of the pattern occurs in other forms as well:
wagbim pl. wogbamą > wahmib pl. wohmɨb
tasmǫb pl. tesmąb > taspo·m pl. tespa·m (the b assimilates in voicing to the consonant with which it is in contact)
taksǫs pl. tekasąr > takso·s pl. tekɨra·s 'knee' (no assimilation of r because no consonant in contact with it)
nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain' > nisasma· pl. nisɨsma·
More on Tikal
h → ʔ
g → h
V~ → V:
3SG middle radical geminates
w…P P…w → b…P P…b / $_$
a a: → ɨ ɨ: / _(C)C{a,ã}(:)
a(:) → Ø / VC_#
Vm → V· / $_#
nCa: → C / V_#
e: → i:
For reference purposes:
Spoiler:
to 1SG > N to, T to, M to
ą 2SG > N ą, T a·, M ą
ęr 3SG.M > N įl, T e·r, M ęr
oḍ 3SG.F > N oʔ, T oḍ, M om
mę 3SG.INAN > N mį, T me·, M mę
są 1PL > N hą, T sa·, M są
eḅ 2PL > N iʔ, T eḅ, M em
ihhi 3PL.M > N i·hi, T iʔʔi, M ihhi
aḍor 3PL.F > N aʔol, T aḍor, M anor
eti 3PL.INAN > N isi, T eti, M eti
Thinking of changing the "past" adverb from tal to al. Then it can attach itself to the verb, and since I want to introduce metathesis at some point, it could get incorporated into the pattern for past verbs from a construction PRESENT + 'then' meaning "having just" done whatever. Then the l can assimilate and cause a new pattern which will ultimately replace the original past construction. This would probably happen in Tikal. Not sure if I want it to happen in Nahommį. Either way, it is less likely that it will occur in Mǫñrǫkkę.
dęmwo al 'I have just made food' > dęmwoal > dęmwol > dęmlow > dęmmow > de·mmow
This metathesis of "suffix" consonant plus last radical of the pattern occurs in other forms as well:
wagbim pl. wogbamą > wahmib pl. wohmɨb
tasmǫb pl. tesmąb > taspo·m pl. tespa·m (the b assimilates in voicing to the consonant with which it is in contact)
taksǫs pl. tekasąr > takso·s pl. tekɨra·s 'knee' (no assimilation of r because no consonant in contact with it)
nissam pl. nisasmą 'mountain' > nisasma· pl. nisɨsma·
More on Tikal
h → ʔ
g → h
V~ → V:
3SG middle radical geminates
w…P P…w → b…P P…b / $_$
a a: → ɨ ɨ: / _(C)C{a,ã}(:)
a(:) → Ø / VC_#
Vm → V· / $_#
nCa: → C / V_#
e: → i:
Spoiler:
Spoiler:
Spoiler:
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Reposting the Lardil-esque language from the Random phonology/phonemic inventory thread here:
/m n̪ n ɲ ŋ/ m ṉ n ñ ng (geminate /ŋː/ is written ngg)
/p t̪ t tʲ k ʔ/ p d t j k ʔ
/s̪ s ʃ h/ z s š h
/w l̪ l j/ w ł l y
/u o ɔ a ə ɛ e i/ u o ɔ a ə ɛ e i
(C)V(C)
Some sort of assimilation will occur with the coronals, not sure exactly how it's going to work yet.
I'm thinking about collapsing the dental-alveolar-palatal distinction in the daughter languages (in the obstruents at least).
Some possible sound changes (not all for the same language!) that I've spitballed:
Actually…it occurs to me that palatal > dental, without an apparent alveolar intermediate (?!), is attested in some Bantu languages (I want to say specifically in Sam somewhere?), so that's another option. A weird option, but an option nonetheless.
Also, take a note: l-stopping.
łəy epłəʔij
łəy e-płə-ʔ-ij
1SG.M APPL.BEN-kill-IRR-3SG.M.M
'I would kill for him'
The irrealis is more like a tense here, but even then it's kind of weird. Only the irrealis form can be negated.
łəy opłəʔij
łəy płə-ʔ-ij
1SG.M kill-IRR-3SG.M.M
'I would kill him'
łəy opłəʔijye
łəy płə-ʔ-ij-ye
1SG.M kill-IRR-3SG.M.M-NEG
'I would not kill him'/'I did not kill him'
It is also mandatorily marked along with the future tenses.
əj dɛpłəʔtuye
əj dɛ-płə-ʔ-tu-ye
3SG.M.M NFUT-kill-IRR-1SG.M-NEG
'he is not about to kill me', 'he will not kill me now'
əj ṉopłəʔtu
əj ṉ-płə-ʔ-tu
3SG.M.M. FUT-kill-IRR-1SG.M
'he will kill me (at some later time)'
The past only takes an irrealis if it's talking about possibilities not realized (or if it's being negated).
əj ɛññepłəʔtu
əj ɛññe-płə-ʔ-tu
3SG.M.M DPST-kill-IRR-1SG.M
'he could have killed me (long ago)'
əj ɛññepłəʔtuye
əj ɛññe-płə-ʔ-tu-ye
3SG.M.M DPST-kill-IRR-1SG.M-NEG
'he didn't kill me (long ago)'
-ye here is classified as a suffix rather than a clitic since it is subject to assimilation:
opłəʔɛnle
łəy płə-ʔ-ɛn-le
1SG.M kill-IRR-2SG.M-NEG
Its "default" form is -ye; it only assimilates to the coronal consonants:
əj ngəʔangye
əj ng-ə-ʔ-ang-ye
3SG.M.M APPL.LOC-exist-IRR-1PL.M-NEG
'we don't have it'
Up until now, we've seen certain object affixes. Some of them have M.M in the gloss. That isn't a typo. Turns out, what pronouns and affixes you use depend on whether you're male or female.
If you're male, you use these pronouns and affixes:
1SG łəy, -y
2SG.M iṉṉɛn, -ṉṉɛ
2SG.F tangja, -ngja
3SG.M əj, -ij
3SG.F dahay, -dahay
1PL jang, -ang
2PL.M lɔk, -lɔ
2PL.F ɔd, -d
3PL.M mɛngna, -nna
3PL.F ləng, -lə
If you're female, you use these:
1SG itul, -tu
2SG.M hɛš, -h
2SG.F ngɛṉ, -ngɛ
3SG.M łiš, -iš
3SG.F zahɛ, -z
1PL.MIXED ɛṉkin, -ṉkin
1PL.F nɔs, -nɔ
2PL.M tanggal, -ngal
2PL.MIXED dɔjja, -ajja
2PL.F zimzɛm, -zi
3PL.M əkim, -ki
3PL.F dɔłək, -ə
You refer to non-sapient referents with the same third-person gender that you are—males use the masculine pronoun, females use the feminine. For males, mixed groups default to the feminine forms of the plural.
In the gloss, I mark the speaker first before the referent—M.F means 'male speaker, referring to female'.
If an impermissible cluster (that is, one that is not a two-consonant intervocalic cluster) occurs, a dummy vowel is appended in the appropriate location. Before a labial or velar consonant, the vowel added is o. Before glottal consonants, it is ə. Before other consonants, it is e.
I'm trying to get into applicatives here. We've got a few.
ng- LOCATIVE APPLICATIVE
e-/y- BENEFACTIVE APPLICATIVE
ay- INSTRUMENTAL APPLICATIVE
k- MALEFACTIVE APPLICATIVE
jə- COMITATIVE APPLICATIVE
w- CAUSATIVE
łəy ngetilʔij
łəy ng-til-ʔ-ij
1SG.M APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I would eat there'
łəy ngetilij
łəy ng-til-ij
1SG.M APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I'm eating there'
Oftentimes you can create ditransitives with such sentences.
łəy pəjɔu ngetilij
łəy pəjɔu ng-til-ij
1SG.M porridge APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I'm eating porridge there'
Speaking of eating…
pəjɔu letilel
pəjɔu e-til-y
porridge APPL.BEN-eat-1SG.M
'I'm eating (my) porridge'
The benefactive applicative has the allomorph y- when the root would have a prothetic e-:
etlo
tlo
'steal'
yejyoʔeṉṉɛ
e-tlo-ʔ-ṉṉɛ
APPL.BEN-steal-IRR-2SG.M.M
'would steal for you (male)' (spoken by male)
"But wait!" you might be saying. "You said it had an allomorph y-, but you didn't say anything about anything else changing! You've wrecked the stem!" That's not a typo either, which brings us to…
Assimilation occurs between the coronals (ṉ, n, ñ, d, t, j, z, s, š, ł, l, y). They assimilate to the preceding coronal, if applicable.
kij
kij
'ruin, wreck, destroy'
kijyɔ
kij-lɔ
ruin-2PL.M.M
'ruin y'all (male)' (spoken by male)
-dahay
-dahay
3SG.M.F
kijjahay
kij-dahay
ruin-3SG.M.F
'ruin her (female)' (spoken by male)
-lə
-lə
3PL.M.F
kijyə
kij-lə
ruin-3PL.M.F
'ruin them (females)' (spoken by male)
-zɛ
-zɛ
3SG.F.F
kijšɛ
kij-zɛ
ruin-3SG.F.F
'ruin her' (spoken by female)
-nɔ
-nɔ
1PL.F.F
kijñɔ
kij-nɔ
ruin-1PL.F.F
'ruin us (females)' (spoken by females)
-zi
-zi
2PL.F.F
kijši
kij-zi
ruin-2PL.F.F
'ruin you (females)' (spoken by female)
This process occurs before epenthetic vowels are placed to break up illegal clusters:
-y
-y
1SG.M
dil
dil
'save'
dilel
dil-y
save-1SG.M
'save me' (spoken by male)
-ṉṉɛ
-ṉṉɛ
2SG.M.M
dilennɛ
dil-ṉṉɛ
save-2SG.M.M
'save you (male)' (spoken by male)
kijej
kij-d
ruin-2PL.M.F
'ruin y'all (females)' (spoken by male)
kijeñña
kij-nna
ruin-3PL.M.M
'ruin them (male)' (spoken by male)
-z
-z
3SG.F.F
kiješ
kij-z
ruin-3SG.F.F
'ruin her' (spoken by female)
-ṉkin
-ṉkin
1PL.MIXED
kijeñkin
kij-ṉkin
ruin-1PL.F.MIXED
'ruin us (mixed group)' (spoken by female)
/m n̪ n ɲ ŋ/ m ṉ n ñ ng (geminate /ŋː/ is written ngg)
/p t̪ t tʲ k ʔ/ p d t j k ʔ
/s̪ s ʃ h/ z s š h
/w l̪ l j/ w ł l y
/u o ɔ a ə ɛ e i/ u o ɔ a ə ɛ e i
(C)V(C)
Some sort of assimilation will occur with the coronals, not sure exactly how it's going to work yet.
I'm thinking about collapsing the dental-alveolar-palatal distinction in the daughter languages (in the obstruents at least).
Some possible sound changes (not all for the same language!) that I've spitballed:
Spoiler:
Also, take a note: l-stopping.
łəy epłəʔij
łəy e-płə-ʔ-ij
1SG.M APPL.BEN-kill-IRR-3SG.M.M
'I would kill for him'
The irrealis is more like a tense here, but even then it's kind of weird. Only the irrealis form can be negated.
łəy opłəʔij
łəy płə-ʔ-ij
1SG.M kill-IRR-3SG.M.M
'I would kill him'
łəy opłəʔijye
łəy płə-ʔ-ij-ye
1SG.M kill-IRR-3SG.M.M-NEG
'I would not kill him'/'I did not kill him'
It is also mandatorily marked along with the future tenses.
əj dɛpłəʔtuye
əj dɛ-płə-ʔ-tu-ye
3SG.M.M NFUT-kill-IRR-1SG.M-NEG
'he is not about to kill me', 'he will not kill me now'
əj ṉopłəʔtu
əj ṉ-płə-ʔ-tu
3SG.M.M. FUT-kill-IRR-1SG.M
'he will kill me (at some later time)'
The past only takes an irrealis if it's talking about possibilities not realized (or if it's being negated).
əj ɛññepłəʔtu
əj ɛññe-płə-ʔ-tu
3SG.M.M DPST-kill-IRR-1SG.M
'he could have killed me (long ago)'
əj ɛññepłəʔtuye
əj ɛññe-płə-ʔ-tu-ye
3SG.M.M DPST-kill-IRR-1SG.M-NEG
'he didn't kill me (long ago)'
-ye here is classified as a suffix rather than a clitic since it is subject to assimilation:
opłəʔɛnle
łəy płə-ʔ-ɛn-le
1SG.M kill-IRR-2SG.M-NEG
Its "default" form is -ye; it only assimilates to the coronal consonants:
əj ngəʔangye
əj ng-ə-ʔ-ang-ye
3SG.M.M APPL.LOC-exist-IRR-1PL.M-NEG
'we don't have it'
Up until now, we've seen certain object affixes. Some of them have M.M in the gloss. That isn't a typo. Turns out, what pronouns and affixes you use depend on whether you're male or female.
If you're male, you use these pronouns and affixes:
1SG łəy, -y
2SG.M iṉṉɛn, -ṉṉɛ
2SG.F tangja, -ngja
3SG.M əj, -ij
3SG.F dahay, -dahay
1PL jang, -ang
2PL.M lɔk, -lɔ
2PL.F ɔd, -d
3PL.M mɛngna, -nna
3PL.F ləng, -lə
If you're female, you use these:
1SG itul, -tu
2SG.M hɛš, -h
2SG.F ngɛṉ, -ngɛ
3SG.M łiš, -iš
3SG.F zahɛ, -z
1PL.MIXED ɛṉkin, -ṉkin
1PL.F nɔs, -nɔ
2PL.M tanggal, -ngal
2PL.MIXED dɔjja, -ajja
2PL.F zimzɛm, -zi
3PL.M əkim, -ki
3PL.F dɔłək, -ə
You refer to non-sapient referents with the same third-person gender that you are—males use the masculine pronoun, females use the feminine. For males, mixed groups default to the feminine forms of the plural.
In the gloss, I mark the speaker first before the referent—M.F means 'male speaker, referring to female'.
If an impermissible cluster (that is, one that is not a two-consonant intervocalic cluster) occurs, a dummy vowel is appended in the appropriate location. Before a labial or velar consonant, the vowel added is o. Before glottal consonants, it is ə. Before other consonants, it is e.
I'm trying to get into applicatives here. We've got a few.
ng- LOCATIVE APPLICATIVE
e-/y- BENEFACTIVE APPLICATIVE
ay- INSTRUMENTAL APPLICATIVE
k- MALEFACTIVE APPLICATIVE
jə- COMITATIVE APPLICATIVE
w- CAUSATIVE
łəy ngetilʔij
łəy ng-til-ʔ-ij
1SG.M APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I would eat there'
łəy ngetilij
łəy ng-til-ij
1SG.M APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I'm eating there'
Oftentimes you can create ditransitives with such sentences.
łəy pəjɔu ngetilij
łəy pəjɔu ng-til-ij
1SG.M porridge APPL.LOC-eat-IRR-3SG
'I'm eating porridge there'
Speaking of eating…
pəjɔu letilel
pəjɔu e-til-y
porridge APPL.BEN-eat-1SG.M
'I'm eating (my) porridge'
The benefactive applicative has the allomorph y- when the root would have a prothetic e-:
etlo
tlo
'steal'
yejyoʔeṉṉɛ
e-tlo-ʔ-ṉṉɛ
APPL.BEN-steal-IRR-2SG.M.M
'would steal for you (male)' (spoken by male)
"But wait!" you might be saying. "You said it had an allomorph y-, but you didn't say anything about anything else changing! You've wrecked the stem!" That's not a typo either, which brings us to…
Assimilation occurs between the coronals (ṉ, n, ñ, d, t, j, z, s, š, ł, l, y). They assimilate to the preceding coronal, if applicable.
kij
kij
'ruin, wreck, destroy'
kijyɔ
kij-lɔ
ruin-2PL.M.M
'ruin y'all (male)' (spoken by male)
-dahay
-dahay
3SG.M.F
kijjahay
kij-dahay
ruin-3SG.M.F
'ruin her (female)' (spoken by male)
-lə
-lə
3PL.M.F
kijyə
kij-lə
ruin-3PL.M.F
'ruin them (females)' (spoken by male)
-zɛ
-zɛ
3SG.F.F
kijšɛ
kij-zɛ
ruin-3SG.F.F
'ruin her' (spoken by female)
-nɔ
-nɔ
1PL.F.F
kijñɔ
kij-nɔ
ruin-1PL.F.F
'ruin us (females)' (spoken by females)
-zi
-zi
2PL.F.F
kijši
kij-zi
ruin-2PL.F.F
'ruin you (females)' (spoken by female)
This process occurs before epenthetic vowels are placed to break up illegal clusters:
-y
-y
1SG.M
dil
dil
'save'
dilel
dil-y
save-1SG.M
'save me' (spoken by male)
-ṉṉɛ
-ṉṉɛ
2SG.M.M
dilennɛ
dil-ṉṉɛ
save-2SG.M.M
'save you (male)' (spoken by male)
kijej
kij-d
ruin-2PL.M.F
'ruin y'all (females)' (spoken by male)
kijeñña
kij-nna
ruin-3PL.M.M
'ruin them (male)' (spoken by male)
-z
-z
3SG.F.F
kiješ
kij-z
ruin-3SG.F.F
'ruin her' (spoken by female)
-ṉkin
-ṉkin
1PL.MIXED
kijeñkin
kij-ṉkin
ruin-1PL.F.MIXED
'ruin us (mixed group)' (spoken by female)
Last edited by Man in Space on 05 Mar 2017 17:45, edited 1 time in total.
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Creyeditor
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
I did not understand l-stopping?
Creyeditor
"Thoughts are free."
Produce, Analyze, Manipulate
1 2 3 4 4
Ook & Omlűt & Nautli languages & Sperenjas
Papuan languages, Morphophonology, Lexical Semantics
"Thoughts are free."
Produce, Analyze, Manipulate
1 2 3 4 4
Ook & Omlűt & Nautli languages & Sperenjas
Papuan languages, Morphophonology, Lexical Semantics
- Man in Space
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Oh, sorry, that was a note to myself. Basically the idea was that laterals would fortify to voiced stops in a daughter language or two.Creyeditor wrote:I did not understand l-stopping?
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Nice idea
Creyeditor
"Thoughts are free."
Produce, Analyze, Manipulate
1 2 3 4 4
Ook & Omlűt & Nautli languages & Sperenjas
Papuan languages, Morphophonology, Lexical Semantics
"Thoughts are free."
Produce, Analyze, Manipulate
1 2 3 4 4
Ook & Omlűt & Nautli languages & Sperenjas
Papuan languages, Morphophonology, Lexical Semantics
- Man in Space
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Thank you!Creyeditor wrote:Nice idea
I want to call this family Dujajikiswə. Now I just have to make some morphemes to make it work…
dujajikiswə
duj-ajik-i-swə
tree-person-PL-GEN
There we go.
Reflexives always have some sort of applicative; if there's no other pertinent argument, they take a benefactive or a malefactive.
əj ejʔɛššej
əj e-j-ʔɛš-st
3SG.M.M APPL.BEN-PST-learn-RFLX.M.M
'he studied'
əj kedzɛzzed
əj k-j-zɛz-st
3SG.M.M APPL.MAL-PST-hit-RFLX.M.M
'he struck himself'
No daughter language preserves every tense. There are quite a few.
ngay- REMOTE PAST
ɛññe- DISTANT PAST
j- PAST
łɛ- HESTERNAL PAST
š- HODIERNAL PAST
əl- IMMEDIATE PAST (venir de)
Ø- PRESENT
w-/ɔ- IMMEDIATE FUTURE
dɛ- NEAR FUTURE
ṉ- FUTURE
əl- REMOTE FUTURE
"Remote" here basically means "beyond one's lifespan". "Distant past" is within one's lifespan but beyond more than six years or so; "past" is for anything between yesterday and that time. "Hesternal" and "hodiernal" imply "yesterday" and "earlier today", respectively; "immediate past" carries the connotation of "I've just finished doing X", similar to French venir de. "Immediate future" is much the same except it connotes that one is about to do something (does aller de have the same force? It's been awhile since I've had French classes). "Future" is anything from later today to about six years from now; "distant future" is beyond that to within a reasonable estimate of one's lifespan, and "remote future" is farther still.
ləng nəʔngayjeyjahay
ləng nəʔ-ngay-tley-dahay
3PL.M.F APPL.ABL-REM.PST-go-3SG.M.F
'they left (a long time ago)'
łiš ngɛññełeñidahay
łiš ng-ɛññe-łeñi-dahay
1SG.M APPL.LOC-D.PST-live-3SG.M.F
'back in my day, I lived here'
łiš kejpełəij
łiš k-j-płə-ij
1SG.M APPL.MAL-PST
'I killed him'
eəltilel
e-əl-til-y
APPL.BEN-IMM.PST-eat-1SG.M
'I just ate'
əj yalloset
əj e-Ø-allo-st
3SG.M.M APPL.BEN-PRES-recognize-RFLX.M.M
'he recognizes himself'
Recall that all future tenses must be irrealis:
əj kɔpłəʔey
əj k-ɔ-płə-ʔ-y
3SG.M.M APPL.MAL-IMM.FUT-kill-IRR-1SG.M
'he's going to kill me', 'he's about to kill me'
dahay edɛtilʔey
dahay e-dɛ-til-ʔ-y
3SG.M.F APPL.BEN-FUT-eat-IRR-1SG.M
'I'll eat it'
łiš ngeṉdełeyʔedahay
łiš ng-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M APPL.LOC-DIST.FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go there (eventually)'
mɛngna nəʔəletleyʔedahay
mɛngna nəʔ-əl-tley-ʔ-dahay
3PL.M.M APPL.ABL-REM.FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'they will leave there (in the end)'
nəʔ- ABLATIVE APPLICATIVE
ɔd nəʔɔtleyjahay
ɔd nəʔ-ɔ-tley-dahay
2PL.M.F
'y'all (female or mixed group) are about to leave'
ləng nəʔsetleyšəjʔɔ
ləng nəʔ-š-tley-zəjʔɔ
3PL.M.F APPL.ABL-HOD.PST-go-RFLX.MIXED
'they split up'
The clitic p- attaches to the beginning of a clause to indicate purpose:
peləng ɔššii dɛtkɔñyə, ləng nəʔsetleyšəjʔɔ
p=ləng ɔšši-i dɛ-tkɔñ-lə ləng nəʔ-š-tley-zəjʔɔ
PURPOSE=3PL.M.F track-PL NEAR.FUT-look.for-3PL.M.F 3PL.M.F APPL.ABL-HOD.PST-go-RFLX.MIXED
'they split up to search for clues'
pɔskayə, łiš ešjilel
p=ɔ-skayə łiš e-š-til-y
PURPOSE-IMM.FUT-walk 1SG.M APPL.BEN-HOD.PST-eat-1SG.M
'I ate because I will take a walk later'
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
A bunch of new applicatives in this post, plus one sort-of idiomatic phrase.
dahay nəʔjejyeyeš
dahay nəʔ-j-tley-z
3SG.M.F APPL.ABL-PST-go-REFL.M.F
'it split, it broke, it split apart'
tul- INESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway tultetleyjahay
əj kawway tul-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.INESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went in the house'
yɛ- INTRATIVE APPLICATIVE (always takes a plural object suffix)
əj kawwayi yɛjjeyeyyə
əj kawway-i yɛ-j-tley-lə
3SG.M.M house-PL APPL.INTRA-PST-go-3PL.M.F
'he went between the houses'
ngɔh- SUBESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway ngohjejyeyjahay
əj kawway ngoh-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.SUBESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went under the house', 'he went to the bottom of the house'
keng- SUPERESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway kengjejyeyjahay
əj kawway keng-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.SPRESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went over the house', 'he went on top of the house', 'he went to the top of the house'
m- EGRESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway mejjeyeyjahay
əj kawway m-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.EGR-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went starting from the house', 'he left the house'
əhəm- PERLATIVE APPLICATIVE
Typically refers to movement along some (exterior) surface.
əj ked əhəmjejyeyjahay
əj ked əhəm-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M path APPL.PERL-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went along the path'
jaj- ACCUSATIVE APPLICATIVE
This is "accusative" in the sense of time/duration, though it can also be used with other referents. In this latter case, it has the sense of an instrumental referring to a large quantity of the referent—a good example of the sense of it would be "he went through a hundred ball-point pens before he found one that worked".
əj ngɛngi jajjejkoñyə
əj ngɛng-i jaj-j-tkoñ-lə
3SG.M.M time.unit-PL APPL.ACC-PST-search-3PL.M.F
'he searched for hours'
ij- ESSIVE APPLICATIVE
Used with respect to time. Some dialects have subsumed the function of this into that of the locative or the inessive.
əj kɔzeṉ ngɛng ijñejyeyʔedahay
əj kɔz-n ngɛng ij-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M two-ORDINAL time.unit APPL.ESS-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go at two', 'he will come at two'
The above sentence is a bit ambiguous; there's a way to deal with that which I will describe later.
aṉ- DURATIVE APPLICATIVE
Another time applicative, this time referring to something happening while something else is coming on.
əj ingkay aṉṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay aṉ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.DUR-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go during the feast', 'he will come during the feast'
uʔ- ANTERIOR APPLICATIVE
This basically means "before something happens" or "by the time of".
əj ingkay uʔṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay uʔ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.ANT-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go before the feast', 'he will come by the time the feast starts'
ṉɛʔ- POSTERIOR APPLICATIVE
This basically means "after" or "once an event has ended".
əj ingkay ṉɛʔṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay ṉɛʔ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.POST-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go after the feast', 'he will come once the feast is over'
dahay nəʔjejyeyeš
dahay nəʔ-j-tley-z
3SG.M.F APPL.ABL-PST-go-REFL.M.F
'it split, it broke, it split apart'
tul- INESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway tultetleyjahay
əj kawway tul-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.INESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went in the house'
yɛ- INTRATIVE APPLICATIVE (always takes a plural object suffix)
əj kawwayi yɛjjeyeyyə
əj kawway-i yɛ-j-tley-lə
3SG.M.M house-PL APPL.INTRA-PST-go-3PL.M.F
'he went between the houses'
ngɔh- SUBESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway ngohjejyeyjahay
əj kawway ngoh-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.SUBESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went under the house', 'he went to the bottom of the house'
keng- SUPERESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway kengjejyeyjahay
əj kawway keng-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.SPRESS-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went over the house', 'he went on top of the house', 'he went to the top of the house'
m- EGRESSIVE APPLICATIVE
əj kawway mejjeyeyjahay
əj kawway m-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M house APPL.EGR-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went starting from the house', 'he left the house'
əhəm- PERLATIVE APPLICATIVE
Typically refers to movement along some (exterior) surface.
əj ked əhəmjejyeyjahay
əj ked əhəm-j-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M path APPL.PERL-PST-go-3SG.M.F
'he went along the path'
jaj- ACCUSATIVE APPLICATIVE
This is "accusative" in the sense of time/duration, though it can also be used with other referents. In this latter case, it has the sense of an instrumental referring to a large quantity of the referent—a good example of the sense of it would be "he went through a hundred ball-point pens before he found one that worked".
əj ngɛngi jajjejkoñyə
əj ngɛng-i jaj-j-tkoñ-lə
3SG.M.M time.unit-PL APPL.ACC-PST-search-3PL.M.F
'he searched for hours'
ij- ESSIVE APPLICATIVE
Used with respect to time. Some dialects have subsumed the function of this into that of the locative or the inessive.
əj kɔzeṉ ngɛng ijñejyeyʔedahay
əj kɔz-n ngɛng ij-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M two-ORDINAL time.unit APPL.ESS-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go at two', 'he will come at two'
The above sentence is a bit ambiguous; there's a way to deal with that which I will describe later.
aṉ- DURATIVE APPLICATIVE
Another time applicative, this time referring to something happening while something else is coming on.
əj ingkay aṉṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay aṉ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.DUR-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go during the feast', 'he will come during the feast'
uʔ- ANTERIOR APPLICATIVE
This basically means "before something happens" or "by the time of".
əj ingkay uʔṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay uʔ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.ANT-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go before the feast', 'he will come by the time the feast starts'
ṉɛʔ- POSTERIOR APPLICATIVE
This basically means "after" or "once an event has ended".
əj ingkay ṉɛʔṉedłeyʔedahay
əj ingkay ṉɛʔ-ṉ-tley-ʔ-dahay
3SG.M.M feast APPL.POST-FUT-go-IRR-3SG.M.F
'he will go after the feast', 'he will come once the feast is over'
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
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Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
dehs- MANNER APPLICATIVE
Basically refers to a manner of doing something, moving it from an adpositional phrase to a direct object. Dialectally, the perlative is ignored in favor of this applicative.
əj hutʔo dehsenuñij
əj hutʔo dehs-ñuñ-ij
3SG.M.M old.man APPL.MAN-appear-3SG.M.M
'he looks like an old man'
əj hutʔo dehseskayəij
əj hutʔo dehs-skayə-ij
3SG.M.M old.man APPL.MAN-walk-3SG.M.M
'he walks like an old man'
Adverbs are often derived from verbs or adjectives using these constructions.
əj ngɛkayup dehsetleyjahay
əj ngɛkay-up dehs-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M slow-NMLZ APPL.MAN-go-3SG.M.F
'he's slow'
Adjectives come after the noun, with two exceptions: Words denoting quantity and words denoting ethnicity.
sɛngin ajik
sɛngin ajik
north person
'one of the Sengin' (compare ajik sɛngin 'northern person', with no connotation about specific people)
kɔz sɛnginupi
kɔz sɛngin-up-i
two north-ADJ.NMLZ-PL
'two Sengin people'
hutʔo kɛʔa
hutʔo kɛʔa
old.man tall
'tall old man'
I'm toying with making adjectives a more-or-less closed class, as in Çuvvaccoçim and its related languages. Not totally sold on the idea, but not willing to discount it either. Derivational processes would probably be restricted to ethnicities and numbers (like fractions). Speaking of which…
To form fractions, reduplicate the onset and nucleus of the initial syllable, then add the suffix -ta. If there's a fricative in the coda, it fortites.
kɔz
kɔz
two
'two'
kɔkɔjja
kɔ~kɔjja
FRACTION~two/FRACTION
'half'
Demonstratives are clitics that attach to the end of the noun phrase and distinguish three degrees of relevance/distance and three degrees of visibility. The visible determiners also distinguish two degrees of height—above the speaker or level with/below the speaker.
=w this, these (visible, above)
=kɛ this, these (visible, level/below)
=ijñɔ this, these (partially visible)
=a this, these (not visible)
=s that, those (visible, above)
=ngang that, those (visible, level/below)
=sung that, those (partially visible)
=ñu that, those (not visible)
=ay yon (visible, above)
=ɛndi yon (visible, level/below)
=ṉ yon (partially visible)
=ilul yon (not visible)
They are considered clitics due to their attaching at the end of the relevant phrase:
keddamkɛ!
ked-tam=kɛ
path-ADV=this.below
'this way (referring to a trail)!' (note how the clitic follows the adverbializer)
keddama!
ked-tam=a
path-ADV=this.invisible
'this way (referring to, for instance, following a smell or mental directions)!' (note how the clitic follows the adverbializer)
ngɛllɔješ
ngɛllɔj=s
walking.stick=that.partially.visible
'that half-buried walking stick'
hutʔo kɛʔailul
hutʔo kɛʔa=ilul
old.man tall=yon.not.visible
'yonder tall old man (who is not visible)'
"Passive"-type constructions can be formed in several ways. The first is simply dropping the agent nominal; if the object suffix isn't a reflexive, it's assumed that the nominal that is overtly present isn't doing whatever the action says.
hutʔo jongakij
hutʔo j-ngak-ij
old.man PST-see-3SG.M.M
'the old man was seen', 'somebody saw the old man'
There's also "applicative 'passives'". What I mean by this is that, typically for benefactive or malefactive passives, you can promote the object to a subject and leave the agent as an object suffix with the benefactive/malefactive indicating that the object is the recipient of the consequences of the action.
pəjɔu letilel
pəjɔu e-til-y
porridge APPL.BEN-eat-1SG.M
'I'm eating (my) porridge'
A "passive" can also use the instrumental applicative (though here I glossed it as "inversion" à la Georgian—or Kgáweq'). The agent need not be overtly stated unless necessary.
hutʔo (łəy) ayjongakipey
hutʔo (łəy) ay-j-ngak-ip-y
old.man (1SG.M) APPL.INST-PST-see-INV-1SG.M
'the old man was seen by me'
Finally, you can demote the agent to an adverb—or rid yourself of it completely—with a more-or-less "true" passive voice:
hutʔo jongakeṉ (jinəngtam əjšowətam)
hutʔo j-ngak-ṉ (jinəng-tam əj-swə-tam)
old.man PST-see-PASS (father-ADV 3SG.M.M-GEN-ADV)
'the old man was seen (by his father)'
Kinship! This is going to be fun…actually, it was much less painful than I thought once I got the gist of it.
F = Father
B = Brother
N = Son
M = Mother
S = Sister
D = Daughter
Matrilineal: (F,B,N) = 0, (M,S,D) = 1
Marriageable = modulo-2 odd
FSD = 2 X
FBD = 1 O
MBD = 2 X
MSD = 3 O
MBN = 1 O
sajis father's brother's daughter; mother's sister's daughter
ɛweñ father's sister's son; mother's brother's son
əʔɛng brother; father's brother's son; mother's sister's daughter (older)
eʔjok brother; father's brother's son; mother's sister's daughter (younger or same age)
jeh sister; father's sister's daughter; mother's brother's daughter (older)
adni sister; father's sister's daughter; mother's brother's daughter (younger or same age)
ñɛpke father's brother
kukiṉ father's sister
saswəu father's father
soy father's mother
pɛʔu mother's brother
ñeeja mother's sister
jɛngho mother's father
kaw mother's mother
(Below, "brother" and "sister" include the cousins that would be included as well; "cousin" does not.)
uʔejəs older brother's son
ɛjšoñ younger brother's son
wiungə older brother's daughter
sule younger brother's daughter
ʔuak older sister's son
ʔaj younger sister's son
kəłiso older sister's daughter
əuʔa younger sister's daughter
ekɛn cousin's son
ohjung cousin's daughter
Basically refers to a manner of doing something, moving it from an adpositional phrase to a direct object. Dialectally, the perlative is ignored in favor of this applicative.
əj hutʔo dehsenuñij
əj hutʔo dehs-ñuñ-ij
3SG.M.M old.man APPL.MAN-appear-3SG.M.M
'he looks like an old man'
əj hutʔo dehseskayəij
əj hutʔo dehs-skayə-ij
3SG.M.M old.man APPL.MAN-walk-3SG.M.M
'he walks like an old man'
Adverbs are often derived from verbs or adjectives using these constructions.
əj ngɛkayup dehsetleyjahay
əj ngɛkay-up dehs-tley-dahay
3SG.M.M slow-NMLZ APPL.MAN-go-3SG.M.F
'he's slow'
Adjectives come after the noun, with two exceptions: Words denoting quantity and words denoting ethnicity.
sɛngin ajik
sɛngin ajik
north person
'one of the Sengin' (compare ajik sɛngin 'northern person', with no connotation about specific people)
kɔz sɛnginupi
kɔz sɛngin-up-i
two north-ADJ.NMLZ-PL
'two Sengin people'
hutʔo kɛʔa
hutʔo kɛʔa
old.man tall
'tall old man'
I'm toying with making adjectives a more-or-less closed class, as in Çuvvaccoçim and its related languages. Not totally sold on the idea, but not willing to discount it either. Derivational processes would probably be restricted to ethnicities and numbers (like fractions). Speaking of which…
To form fractions, reduplicate the onset and nucleus of the initial syllable, then add the suffix -ta. If there's a fricative in the coda, it fortites.
kɔz
kɔz
two
'two'
kɔkɔjja
kɔ~kɔjja
FRACTION~two/FRACTION
'half'
Demonstratives are clitics that attach to the end of the noun phrase and distinguish three degrees of relevance/distance and three degrees of visibility. The visible determiners also distinguish two degrees of height—above the speaker or level with/below the speaker.
=w this, these (visible, above)
=kɛ this, these (visible, level/below)
=ijñɔ this, these (partially visible)
=a this, these (not visible)
=s that, those (visible, above)
=ngang that, those (visible, level/below)
=sung that, those (partially visible)
=ñu that, those (not visible)
=ay yon (visible, above)
=ɛndi yon (visible, level/below)
=ṉ yon (partially visible)
=ilul yon (not visible)
They are considered clitics due to their attaching at the end of the relevant phrase:
keddamkɛ!
ked-tam=kɛ
path-ADV=this.below
'this way (referring to a trail)!' (note how the clitic follows the adverbializer)
keddama!
ked-tam=a
path-ADV=this.invisible
'this way (referring to, for instance, following a smell or mental directions)!' (note how the clitic follows the adverbializer)
ngɛllɔješ
ngɛllɔj=s
walking.stick=that.partially.visible
'that half-buried walking stick'
hutʔo kɛʔailul
hutʔo kɛʔa=ilul
old.man tall=yon.not.visible
'yonder tall old man (who is not visible)'
"Passive"-type constructions can be formed in several ways. The first is simply dropping the agent nominal; if the object suffix isn't a reflexive, it's assumed that the nominal that is overtly present isn't doing whatever the action says.
hutʔo jongakij
hutʔo j-ngak-ij
old.man PST-see-3SG.M.M
'the old man was seen', 'somebody saw the old man'
There's also "applicative 'passives'". What I mean by this is that, typically for benefactive or malefactive passives, you can promote the object to a subject and leave the agent as an object suffix with the benefactive/malefactive indicating that the object is the recipient of the consequences of the action.
pəjɔu letilel
pəjɔu e-til-y
porridge APPL.BEN-eat-1SG.M
'I'm eating (my) porridge'
A "passive" can also use the instrumental applicative (though here I glossed it as "inversion" à la Georgian—or Kgáweq'). The agent need not be overtly stated unless necessary.
hutʔo (łəy) ayjongakipey
hutʔo (łəy) ay-j-ngak-ip-y
old.man (1SG.M) APPL.INST-PST-see-INV-1SG.M
'the old man was seen by me'
Finally, you can demote the agent to an adverb—or rid yourself of it completely—with a more-or-less "true" passive voice:
hutʔo jongakeṉ (jinəngtam əjšowətam)
hutʔo j-ngak-ṉ (jinəng-tam əj-swə-tam)
old.man PST-see-PASS (father-ADV 3SG.M.M-GEN-ADV)
'the old man was seen (by his father)'
Kinship! This is going to be fun…actually, it was much less painful than I thought once I got the gist of it.
So…Wikipedia contributors wrote:Floyd Lounsbury discovered[1] a seventh, Dravidian, type of terminological system that had been conflated with Iroquois in Morgan’s typology of kin-term systems because both systems distinguish relatives by marriage from relatives by descent, although both are classificatory categories rather than based on biological descent. The basic idea is that of applying an even/odd distinction to relatives that takes into account the gender of every linking relative for ego’s kin relation to any given person. A MFBD(C), for example, is a mother’s father’s brother’s daughter’s child. If each female link (M,D) is assigned a 0 and each male (F,B) a 1, the number of 1s is either even or odd; in this case, even. However, variant criteria exist.[2][3][4] In a Dravidian system with a patrilineal modulo-2 counting system, marriage is prohibited with this relative, and a marriageable relative must be modulo-2 odd. There exists also a version of this logic with a matrilineal bias. Discoveries of systems that use modulo-2 logic, as in South Asia, Australia, and many other parts of the world, marked a major advance in the understanding of kinship terminologies that differ from kin relations and terminologies employed by Europeans.
The Dravidian kinship system involves selective cousinhood. One's father's brother's children and one's mother's sister's children are not cousins but brothers and sisters one step removed. They are considered consanguinous (pangali), and marriage with them is strictly forbidden as incestuous. However, one's father's sister's children and one's mother's brother's children are considered cousins and potential mates (muraicherugu). Marriages between such cousins are allowed and encouraged. There is a clear distinction between cross cousins, who are one's true cousins and parallel cousins, who are, in fact, siblings. Like Iroquois people, Dravidians refer to their father's sister as mother-in-law and their mother's brother as father-in-law.
F = Father
B = Brother
N = Son
M = Mother
S = Sister
D = Daughter
Matrilineal: (F,B,N) = 0, (M,S,D) = 1
Marriageable = modulo-2 odd
FSD = 2 X
FBD = 1 O
MBD = 2 X
MSD = 3 O
MBN = 1 O
sajis father's brother's daughter; mother's sister's daughter
ɛweñ father's sister's son; mother's brother's son
əʔɛng brother; father's brother's son; mother's sister's daughter (older)
eʔjok brother; father's brother's son; mother's sister's daughter (younger or same age)
jeh sister; father's sister's daughter; mother's brother's daughter (older)
adni sister; father's sister's daughter; mother's brother's daughter (younger or same age)
ñɛpke father's brother
kukiṉ father's sister
saswəu father's father
soy father's mother
pɛʔu mother's brother
ñeeja mother's sister
jɛngho mother's father
kaw mother's mother
(Below, "brother" and "sister" include the cousins that would be included as well; "cousin" does not.)
uʔejəs older brother's son
ɛjšoñ younger brother's son
wiungə older brother's daughter
sule younger brother's daughter
ʔuak older sister's son
ʔaj younger sister's son
kəłiso older sister's daughter
əuʔa younger sister's daughter
ekɛn cousin's son
ohjung cousin's daughter
Last edited by Man in Space on 08 Mar 2017 05:55, edited 1 time in total.
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
A quick aside regarding the Tlar Kyanà language.
Proto-Tlar Kyanà phonology
/m n ŋ/
/p b ⁿb t d ⁿd k g ⁿg ʔ/
/ɸ β s z x ɣ h/
/l ɾ/
/w j/
/u o ɔ a ɛ e i/
Tones: *A *B *C *D
(C)(ɾ)(l)(w/j)VT(l/ɾ)(N)(S)
m p b ⁿb ɸ β ŋ k g ⁿg x ɣ → mɲ pʃ bʒ ⁿbʒ ɸʃ βʒ ɲ c ɟ ⁿɟ ç ʝ / _{j,i}
t d ⁿd s z k g ⁿg x ɣ → tʃ dʒ ⁿdʒ ʃ ʒ p b ⁿb ɸ β / _w
{w,j} → Ø / C_V
Sɾ → Sʰ
VN → V[+ nasalized] / _(C)%
ɾ → Ø / V_(C)%
ɾ → l
u o ɔ ɛ e i → oi̯ u o e i ei̯
l → ɹ / _(N)(S)%
a → o / _K
Development of register: Aspirated stop/voiceless fricatives → register one; else, register two
Voiced/voiceless merger; prenasalized stops become plain voiced
ei̯ → ai̯
ʔ → Ø
Ba Ea → u̯a i̯a → ɔ ɛ
B E → u̯ i̯ / _V
Nasals assimilate to the place of a following obstruent
tl → tɬ (male speech)
h → Ø / ! #_
ç ʝ → ʃ ʒ
x ɣ → i̯ / before full vowels (i.e., not onglides)
x ɣ → Ø
Phonology at the time the writing was standardized:
/m n ɲ ŋ/ m n (~ hn) ny ng
/p b t d c ɟ k g/ p b t d ky gy k g
/ɸ β s z ʃ ʒ h/ f v s z sy zy h (/h/ is only ever word-initial)
/l ~ ɹ/ l ~ r (realized as a rhotic in the coda)
The clusters [ɲɟ ŋg] are written ngy and ngg, respectively.
/u o ɔ a ɛ e i/ u o ɔ a ɛ e i
/oi̯ ai̯/ oy ay
/u̯V i̯V/ uV iV
[+nas] Vn (An h is used if a coda /n/ is pronounced, in which case the coda is written hn, or following n if the next syllable has no onset, in which case the sequence is written VnhV. VnV indicates a non-nasalized syllable with /n/ as the onset of the next syllable.)
Development of Tones
Muy Baon
A1 → mid
A2 → low trailing
B1 → high rising
B2 → low dropping (glottalized unless _S)
C1 → dipping
C2 → high rising (glottalized)
D1 → high rising
D2 → low dropping (glottalized unless _S)
oi̯ ai̯ → ui̯ a
ŋ → n / #_
mɲ ɸʃ βʒ → mj ɸj βj
b d ɟ g → β z ʒ ɣ / #_V[+ high] (includes diphthongs and triphthongs)
ũ ĩ → õ ẽ
Nguyna
A1 → mid
A2 → low trailing
B1 → low (dipping unless _S)
B2 → low (dipping unless _S)
C1 → mid rising
C2 → high rising (glottalized)
D1 → low (dipping unless _S)
D2 → low (dipping unless _S)
N → ŋ / _%
V[- high] → Ø / V[- high]_
oi̯ → ai̯
c ɟ → tʃ dʒ
õ ẽ → ɔ̃ ɛ̃
Nikyuwar
A1 → mid level
A2 → low falling
B1 → low rising (glottalized)
B2 → high-mid (glottal stop)
C1 → high rising
C2 → high-mid
D1 → high-mid
D2 → high-mid
S → F / _(C)%
tl → dl (female speech)
ai̯ → oi̯
õ {ɔ̃,ɛ̃} ẽ → ũ ã ĩ
ʃ ʒ → x ɣ
Orthographic tone
A1 u o ɔ a ɛ e i
A2 ù ò ɔ̀ à ɛ̀ è ì
B1 ǔ ǒ ɔ̌ ǎ ɛ̌ ě ǐ
B2 û ô ɔ̂ â ɛ̂ ê î
C1 ú ó ɔ́ á ɛ́ é í
C2 ủ ỏ ɔ̉ ả ɛ̉ ẻ ỉ
D1 ū ō ɔ̄ ā ɛ̄ ē ī
D2 ȕ ȍ ɔ̏ ȁ ɛ̏ ȅ ȉ
Sỉsǒk Tlar Kyanà
Mȕy Bǎȍn
Ngùynâ
Nǐkyúwār
Proto-Tlar Kyanà phonology
/m n ŋ/
/p b ⁿb t d ⁿd k g ⁿg ʔ/
/ɸ β s z x ɣ h/
/l ɾ/
/w j/
/u o ɔ a ɛ e i/
Tones: *A *B *C *D
(C)(ɾ)(l)(w/j)VT(l/ɾ)(N)(S)
m p b ⁿb ɸ β ŋ k g ⁿg x ɣ → mɲ pʃ bʒ ⁿbʒ ɸʃ βʒ ɲ c ɟ ⁿɟ ç ʝ / _{j,i}
t d ⁿd s z k g ⁿg x ɣ → tʃ dʒ ⁿdʒ ʃ ʒ p b ⁿb ɸ β / _w
{w,j} → Ø / C_V
Sɾ → Sʰ
VN → V[+ nasalized] / _(C)%
ɾ → Ø / V_(C)%
ɾ → l
u o ɔ ɛ e i → oi̯ u o e i ei̯
l → ɹ / _(N)(S)%
a → o / _K
Development of register: Aspirated stop/voiceless fricatives → register one; else, register two
Voiced/voiceless merger; prenasalized stops become plain voiced
ei̯ → ai̯
ʔ → Ø
Ba Ea → u̯a i̯a → ɔ ɛ
B E → u̯ i̯ / _V
Nasals assimilate to the place of a following obstruent
tl → tɬ (male speech)
h → Ø / ! #_
ç ʝ → ʃ ʒ
x ɣ → i̯ / before full vowels (i.e., not onglides)
x ɣ → Ø
Phonology at the time the writing was standardized:
/m n ɲ ŋ/ m n (~ hn) ny ng
/p b t d c ɟ k g/ p b t d ky gy k g
/ɸ β s z ʃ ʒ h/ f v s z sy zy h (/h/ is only ever word-initial)
/l ~ ɹ/ l ~ r (realized as a rhotic in the coda)
The clusters [ɲɟ ŋg] are written ngy and ngg, respectively.
/u o ɔ a ɛ e i/ u o ɔ a ɛ e i
/oi̯ ai̯/ oy ay
/u̯V i̯V/ uV iV
[+nas] Vn (An h is used if a coda /n/ is pronounced, in which case the coda is written hn, or following n if the next syllable has no onset, in which case the sequence is written VnhV. VnV indicates a non-nasalized syllable with /n/ as the onset of the next syllable.)
Development of Tones
Muy Baon
A1 → mid
A2 → low trailing
B1 → high rising
B2 → low dropping (glottalized unless _S)
C1 → dipping
C2 → high rising (glottalized)
D1 → high rising
D2 → low dropping (glottalized unless _S)
oi̯ ai̯ → ui̯ a
ŋ → n / #_
mɲ ɸʃ βʒ → mj ɸj βj
b d ɟ g → β z ʒ ɣ / #_V[+ high] (includes diphthongs and triphthongs)
ũ ĩ → õ ẽ
Nguyna
A1 → mid
A2 → low trailing
B1 → low (dipping unless _S)
B2 → low (dipping unless _S)
C1 → mid rising
C2 → high rising (glottalized)
D1 → low (dipping unless _S)
D2 → low (dipping unless _S)
N → ŋ / _%
V[- high] → Ø / V[- high]_
oi̯ → ai̯
c ɟ → tʃ dʒ
õ ẽ → ɔ̃ ɛ̃
Nikyuwar
A1 → mid level
A2 → low falling
B1 → low rising (glottalized)
B2 → high-mid (glottal stop)
C1 → high rising
C2 → high-mid
D1 → high-mid
D2 → high-mid
S → F / _(C)%
tl → dl (female speech)
ai̯ → oi̯
õ {ɔ̃,ɛ̃} ẽ → ũ ã ĩ
ʃ ʒ → x ɣ
Orthographic tone
A1 u o ɔ a ɛ e i
A2 ù ò ɔ̀ à ɛ̀ è ì
B1 ǔ ǒ ɔ̌ ǎ ɛ̌ ě ǐ
B2 û ô ɔ̂ â ɛ̂ ê î
C1 ú ó ɔ́ á ɛ́ é í
C2 ủ ỏ ɔ̉ ả ɛ̉ ẻ ỉ
D1 ū ō ɔ̄ ā ɛ̄ ē ī
D2 ȕ ȍ ɔ̏ ȁ ɛ̏ ȅ ȉ
Sỉsǒk Tlar Kyanà
Mȕy Bǎȍn
Ngùynâ
Nǐkyúwār
Spoiler:
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
- Man in Space
- roman
- Posts: 1309
- Joined: 03 Aug 2012 08:07
- Location: Ohio
Re: Linguifex's conworld megathread
Personal pronouns. Forms are cited in the pattern Proto-Nyar Toler Kyanà → Middle Sỉsǒk Tlar Kyanà → Mȕy Bǎȍn : Ngùynâ : Nǐkyúwār / Orthographic.
1SG *hiw A → hai̯ A1 → ha˧ : hai̯˧ : hoi̯˧ / hay
1DL.INCL *hɾwo D → hlu D2 → hluˀ˨˩ : hlu˨˩˨ : hlu˥˧ / hlȕ
1DL.EXCL *βo A → ɸu A2 → ɸu˨˩ : ɸu˨˩ : ɸu˨˩ / fù
1PL.INCL *kjɛ C → ce C2 → ceˀ˦˥ : tʃeˀ˦˥ : ce˥˧ / kyẻ
1PL.EXCL *βu C → ɸoi̯ C2 → ɸuˀi̯˦˥ : ɸaˀi̯˦˥ : ɸoi̯˥˧ / fủy
2SG.M *glu A wɾij A → kloi̯ A2 wai̯ A2 → klui̯˨˩ wa˨˩ : klai̯˨˩ wai̯˨˩ : kloi̯˨˩ woi̯˨˩ / klùywày
2DL.M *kej A tu B → kai̯ A2 toi̯ B2 → ka˨˩ tuˀi̯˨˩ : kai̯˨˩ tai̯˨˩˨ : koi̯˨˩ toi̯ʔ˥˧ / kàytûy
2PL.M *glom D → klũ D2 → klõˀ˨˩ : klũ˨˩˨ : klũ˥˧ / klȕn
2SG.F *ŋlim C → ŋlãi̯ C2 → nlãˀ˦˥ : nlãˀi̯˦˥ : nlõi̯˥˧ / nlảyn
2DL.F *ⁿbwɛb B → bep B2 → bep˨˩ : bep˩ : beɸʔ˥˧ / bêp
2PL.F *ɣɔj A → i̯oi̯ A2 → i̯oi̯˨˩ : i̯ai̯˨˩ : i̯oi̯˨˩ / iùy
3SG.M *kɾɛ A → ke A1 → ke˧ : ke˧ : ke˧ / ke
3DL.M *dljɔnⁿg A → dlõg A2 → dlõg˨˩ : dlɔ̃g˨˩ : dlũɣ˨˩ / dlòn'g (if the coda were instead a velar nasal, it would be written dlòng(h); the non-nasal vowel with the velar nasal coda would be dlòhng)
3PL.M *βje C → ɸʃi C2 → ɸjeˀ˦˥ : ɸʃiˀ˦˥ : ɸʃi˥˧ / fsyỉ
3SG.F *ⁿbji A → bʒai̯ A2 → βi̯a˨˩ : bʒai̯˨˩ : bʒoi̯˨˩ / bzyày
3DL.F *sin B → sãi̯ B1 → sã˦˥ : sãi̯˨˩˨ : sũˀi̯˩˨ / sǎyn
3PL.F *ɸjew D → ɸʃiw D1 → ɸjew˦˥ : ɸʃiw˨˩˨ : ɸʃiw˥˧ / fsyīw
1SG *hiw A → hai̯ A1 → ha˧ : hai̯˧ : hoi̯˧ / hay
1DL.INCL *hɾwo D → hlu D2 → hluˀ˨˩ : hlu˨˩˨ : hlu˥˧ / hlȕ
1DL.EXCL *βo A → ɸu A2 → ɸu˨˩ : ɸu˨˩ : ɸu˨˩ / fù
1PL.INCL *kjɛ C → ce C2 → ceˀ˦˥ : tʃeˀ˦˥ : ce˥˧ / kyẻ
1PL.EXCL *βu C → ɸoi̯ C2 → ɸuˀi̯˦˥ : ɸaˀi̯˦˥ : ɸoi̯˥˧ / fủy
2SG.M *glu A wɾij A → kloi̯ A2 wai̯ A2 → klui̯˨˩ wa˨˩ : klai̯˨˩ wai̯˨˩ : kloi̯˨˩ woi̯˨˩ / klùywày
2DL.M *kej A tu B → kai̯ A2 toi̯ B2 → ka˨˩ tuˀi̯˨˩ : kai̯˨˩ tai̯˨˩˨ : koi̯˨˩ toi̯ʔ˥˧ / kàytûy
2PL.M *glom D → klũ D2 → klõˀ˨˩ : klũ˨˩˨ : klũ˥˧ / klȕn
2SG.F *ŋlim C → ŋlãi̯ C2 → nlãˀ˦˥ : nlãˀi̯˦˥ : nlõi̯˥˧ / nlảyn
2DL.F *ⁿbwɛb B → bep B2 → bep˨˩ : bep˩ : beɸʔ˥˧ / bêp
2PL.F *ɣɔj A → i̯oi̯ A2 → i̯oi̯˨˩ : i̯ai̯˨˩ : i̯oi̯˨˩ / iùy
3SG.M *kɾɛ A → ke A1 → ke˧ : ke˧ : ke˧ / ke
3DL.M *dljɔnⁿg A → dlõg A2 → dlõg˨˩ : dlɔ̃g˨˩ : dlũɣ˨˩ / dlòn'g (if the coda were instead a velar nasal, it would be written dlòng(h); the non-nasal vowel with the velar nasal coda would be dlòhng)
3PL.M *βje C → ɸʃi C2 → ɸjeˀ˦˥ : ɸʃiˀ˦˥ : ɸʃi˥˧ / fsyỉ
3SG.F *ⁿbji A → bʒai̯ A2 → βi̯a˨˩ : bʒai̯˨˩ : bʒoi̯˨˩ / bzyày
3DL.F *sin B → sãi̯ B1 → sã˦˥ : sãi̯˨˩˨ : sũˀi̯˩˨ / sǎyn
3PL.F *ɸjew D → ɸʃiw D1 → ɸjew˦˥ : ɸʃiw˨˩˨ : ɸʃiw˥˧ / fsyīw
Twin Aster megathread
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma
AVDIO · VIDEO · DISCO
CC = Common Caber
CK = Classical Khaya
CT = Classical Ĝare n Tim Ar
Kg = Kgáweq'
PB = Proto-Beheic
PO = Proto-O
PTa = Proto-Taltic
STK = Sisỏk Tlar Kyanà
Tm = Təmattwəspwaypksma