Visigothic 1.0

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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Adjectives

Like nominal morphology, adjectival morphology can be described as fusional. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and grammatical gender. There are two cases, nominative and oblique. Gothic's genitive and dative cases have fallen out of use in adjectives, just like in nouns. For more information on the usages of Visigothic's cases, please see the post on nouns. There are two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Gothic's neuter gender has almost entirely merged with the masculine. There are also two numbers, singular and plural. Visigothic adjectives belong to only one declension.

Gothic's weak adjectives are nouns in Visigothic. Masculine weak adjectives are now -an declension nouns, and feminine weak adjectives are now -on declension nouns.

The -a Declension

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. -e -es
OBL. -ana -anes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. -a -os
OBL. -a -os
Spoiler:
llene "blind"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. llene llenes
OBL. llenana llenanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. llena llenos
OBL. llena llenos
meche "middle"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. meche meches
OBL. mechana mechanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. mecha mechos
OBL. mecha mechos
alle "other, another"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alle alles
OBL. allana allanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alla allos
OBL. alla allos
freche "free"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. freche freches
OBL. frechana frechanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. frecha frechos
OBL. frecha frechos
folatoye "perfect"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. folatoye folatoyes
OBL. folatoyana folatoyanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. folatoya folatoyos
OBL. folatoya folatoyos
gaville "willing"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gaville gavilles
OBL. gavillana gavillanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gavilla gavillos
OBL. gavilla gavillos
ñoye "new"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ñoye ñoyes
OBL. ñoyana ñoyanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ñoya ñoyos
OBL. ñoya ñoyos
soñe "true"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. soñe soñes
OBL. soñana soñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. soña soños
OBL. soña soños
obiltoye "evildoing"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. obiltoye obiltoyes
OBL. obiltoyana obiltoyanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. obiltoya obiltoyos
OBL. obiltoya obiltoyos
onsibie "lawless"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. onsibie onsibies
OBL. onsibiana onsibianes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. onsibia onsibios
OBL. onsibia onsibios
uelche "wild"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. uelche uelches
OBL. uelchana uelchanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. uelcha uelchos
OBL. uelcha uelchos
erche "astray"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. erche erches
OBL. erchana erchanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ercha erchos
OBL. ercha erchos
alche "old"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alche alches
OBL. alchana alchanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alcha alchos
OBL. alcha alchos
herñe "old"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. herñe herñes
OBL. herñana herñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. herña herños
OBL. herña herños
uoche "sweet, pleasant"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. uoche uoches
OBL. uochana uochanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. uocha uochos
OBL. uocha uochos
reñe "clean"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. reñe reñes
OBL. reñana reñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. reña reños
OBL. reña reños
analoñe "hidden"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. analoñe analoñes
OBL. analoñana analoñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. analoña analoños
OBL. analoña analoños
anachoñe "visible"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. anachoñe anachoñes
OBL. anachoñana anachoñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. anachoña anachoños
OBL. anachoña anachoños
aneñe "pleasant"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. aneñe aneñes
OBL. aneñana aneñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. aneña aneños
OBL. aneña aneños
oche "desert"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. oche oches
OBL. ochana ochanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ocha ochos
OBL. ocha ochos
broce "useful, profitable"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. broce broces
OBL. brozana brozanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. broza brozos
OBL. broza brozos
gafolle "well-behaved"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gafolle gafolles
OBL. gafollana gafollanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gafolla gafollos
OBL. gafolla gafollos
gameñe "common"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gameñe gameñes
OBL. gameñana gameñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. gameña gameños
OBL. gameña gameños
selle "good, kind"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. selle selles
OBL. sellana sellanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. sella sellos
OBL. sella sellos
escoñe "beautiful"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. escoñe escoñes
OBL. escoñana escoñanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. escoña escoños
OBL. escoña escoños
escille "clear, lucid"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. escille escilles
OBL. escillana escillanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. escilla escillos
OBL. escilla escillos
soche "sweet"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. soche soches
OBL. sochana sochanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. socha sochos
OBL. socha sochos
harche "hard"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. harche harches
OBL. harchana harchanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. harcha harchos
OBL. harcha harchos
ague "narrow, straight"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ague agues
OBL. agana aganes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. aga agos
OBL. aga agos
alle "difficult"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alle alles
OBL. allana allanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. alla allos
OBL. alla allos
nasque "soft"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. nasque nasques
OBL. nascana nascanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. nasca nascos
OBL. nasca nascos
colle "heavy"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. colle colles
OBL. collana collanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. colla collos
OBL. colla collos
mane "ready"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. mane manes
OBL. manana mananes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. mana manos
OBL. mana manos
qüelle "gentle"

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MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. qüelle qüelles
OBL. qüellana qüellanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. qüella qüellos
OBL. qüella qüellos
seche "late"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. seche seches
OBL. sechana sechanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. secha sechos
OBL. secha sechos
tolle "steadfast, resistant, firm"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. tolle tolles
OBL. tollana tollanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. tolla tollos
OBL. tolla tollos
tualibuintriche "twelve years old"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. tualibuintriche tualibuintriches
OBL. tualibuintrichana tualibuintrichanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. tualibuintricha tualibuintrichos
OBL. tualibuintricha tualibuintrichos
sorche "withered"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. sorche sorches
OBL. sorchana sorchanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. sorcha sorchos
OBL. sorcha sorchos
eslaque "soft"

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. eslaque eslaques
OBL. eslacana eslacanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. eslaca eslacos
OBL. eslaca eslacos
The final -s of the masculine nominative singular ending was lost by analogy with the other singular endings, and the masculine nominative plural singular ending gained a final -s by analogy with the other plural endings. This declension contains adjectives from the former -a, -ja, -i, and -u declensions. The -j- of the -ja, -i, and -u declension endings has been reanalyzed as part of the adjective roots.
Last edited by zyma on 24 Nov 2017 01:50, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Dormouse559 wrote:Most of Europe's modern microstates gained and kept their freedom through some combination of diplomacy, good luck and isolated locations. San Marino might be a place to look, being completely surrounded by another country; at different times, it gained the favor of Napoleon and one of the leaders in Italy's unification, both of whom allowed it to remain sovereign.

I look forward to hearing more about the language, and I'm sure the Visigothic Kingdom has had a colorful history, so it'll be neat to see that fleshed out.
Cool, I'll definitely look further into that.

Thank you so much!
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

I've added examples of adjectival declension, once again mostly from this Wikipedia page.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Articles

Visigothic has definite and indefinite articles that agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and grammatical gender. There are two cases, nominative and oblique, two numbers, singular and plural, and two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. For more information on these categories in Visigothic, please see the post on nouns and the post on adjectives.

The Definite Article

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. sa ses
OBL. sana sanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. so sos
OBL. so sos
The final -s of the masculine nominative plural form was added by analogy with the other plural forms.

The Indefinite Article

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ene enes
OBL. ena enanes

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ena enos
OBL. ena enos
The final -s of the masculine nominative plural form was added by analogy with the other plural forms.
Last edited by zyma on 24 Nov 2017 01:47, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Creyeditor »

Which Proto-Germanic word is the definite article derived from? Can you give some cognates in other Germanic languages?
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Ælfwine »

The definite article is derived from the demonstrative pronoun *sa, a PG word meaning "that," which is also related.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Creyeditor »

Ælfwine wrote:The definite article is derived from the demonstrative pronoun *sa, a PG word meaning "that," which is also related.
Wow thank you. I had never heard of a change *s → ð before, but here it is [:)]
Edit: Or was it analogy?
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Creyeditor wrote:
Ælfwine wrote:The definite article is derived from the demonstrative pronoun *sa, a PG word meaning "that," which is also related.
Wow thank you. I had never heard of a change *s → ð before, but here it is [:)]
Edit: Or was it analogy?
Ælfwine is correct. Visigothic sa comes from Gothic sa, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *sa. In Proto-Germanic, it looks like all forms other than the masculine and feminine nominative singular began with /θ/, so it probably did happen by analogy.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Numerals

Cardinal Numbers

0 - cero
1 - ene
2 - tue
3 - tre
4 - heduor
5 - hemfe
6 - se
7 - sebon
8 - ato
9 - ñon
10 - tehon
11 - enlef
12 - tualef
20 - tuetejo
100 - hon
1000 - sosune

Ordinal Numbers

0th - ceroda
1st - froma
2nd - antar
3rd - trecha
4th - hedurta
5th - hemfta
6th - sesta
7th - sebuna
8th - atuda
9th - ñona
10th - tehuna
11th - enlifta
12th - tualifta
20th - tuetejusta
100th - hona
1000th - sosuneda
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

I updated the post on numbers. Let me know if there's anything I should add or if there's anything you'd like to see.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by All4Ɇn »

shimobaatar wrote:I updated the post on numbers. Let me know if there's anything I should add or if there's anything you'd like to see.
I'm interested in seeing Visigothic's possessives and demonstratives if you have those yet [:)]
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

All4Ɇn wrote:
shimobaatar wrote:I updated the post on numbers. Let me know if there's anything I should add or if there's anything you'd like to see.
I'm interested in seeing Visigothic's possessives and demonstratives if you have those yet [:)]
Sure, I'll get on it as soon as possible!
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Personal Pronouns

For various reasons, including their common usage and unstressed pronunciations, personal pronouns have resisted a number of sound changes over the centuries. They have also retained some grammatical distinctions lost elsewhere in the language.

Personal pronouns have four case forms, nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. The accusative, genitive, and dative cases all correspond to the oblique case of nouns and adjectives. The nominative case is used when a pronoun is the experiencer of an intransitive verb or when it's the agent of a transitive verb. The nominative can also be used for vocative expressions. The accusative case is used when a pronoun is the patient of a transitive verb or when it's part of certain prepositional phrases. Like the nominative, the accusative can be used for vocative expressions, although this usage is not as common as it is for the nominative. The genitive case is used when a pronoun is standing in for a possessor, or when it's part of certain prepositional phrases. The dative case is used when a pronoun is the indirect object of a verb, or when it's part of certain prepositional phrases.

First and second person pronouns have singular, dual, and plural forms. Third person pronouns only have singular and plural forms. The singular is used when there is only one referent. The dual is used when there are exactly two referents, and the plural is used when there are more than two, or, in the case of third person pronouns, when there are more than one.

First and second person pronouns are gender neutral. Third person pronouns are masculine when they refer to a masculine noun or male person. They are feminine when they refer to a feminine noun or female person. Much like the neuter gender fell out of use in nouns and adjectives, neuter third person pronouns fell out of use as well. However, they have recently been revived by members of the Visigothic LGBT+ community to refer to people who identify outside of the traditional gender binary and to refer to people without mentioning their gender. This usage has not yet become mainstream, and few outside the community are even aware of it.

First Person

Code: Select all

     SG. DU. PL.
NOM. ic uit uis
ACC. mic uncis unsis
GEN. mina uncara unsara
DAT. mis uncis unsis
Second Person

Code: Select all

     SG. DU. PL.
NOM. su yut yus
ACC. suc inquis isuis
GEN. sina inquara isuara
DAT. sus inquis isuis
Third Person

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. is is
ACC. ina ines
GEN. is ise
DAT. ima in

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. si yos
ACC. ya yos
GEN. isos iso
DAT. ise in

NEUT.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ita ya
ACC. ita ya
GEN. is ise
DAT. ima in
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Posts on demonstratives and possessive adjectives should be coming soon. I wanted to get personal pronouns out of the way first.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Creyeditor »

Wow, I really like the grammatical glide-vowel alternations [:)]
Also your romanization really highlights them, good job [;)]
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by zyma »

Creyeditor wrote:Wow, I really like the grammatical glide-vowel alternations [:)]
Also your romanization really highlights them, good job [;)]
Thank you!
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by All4Ɇn »

shimobaatar wrote:Much like the neuter gender fell out of use in nouns and adjectives, neuter third person pronouns fell out of use as well. However, they have recently been revived by members of the Visigothic LGBT+ community to refer to people who identify outside of the traditional gender binary and to refer to people without mentioning their gender. This usage has not yet become mainstream, and few outside the community are even aware of it.
Interesting. I've been trying to figure out ways of going about this in Thrinn since Thrinn's kept the neuter gender and using it's pronouns would be seen as very derogatory towards LGBT+ people.

Thought it'd be interesting to compare pronouns between our Germlangs [:)]
Spoiler:
First Person

Code: Select all

     SG. DU. PL.
NOM. ic/ig uit/vir uis/vir
ACC. mic/mig uncis/uns unsis/uns
GEN. mina/min uncara/unser unsara/unser
DAT. mis/mir uncis/uns unsis/uns
Second Person

Code: Select all

     SG. DU. PL.
NOM. su/þu yut/yt yus/yr
ACC. suc/þig inquis/i isuis/irer
GEN. sina/þin inquara/ínger isuara/irer
DAT. sus/þir inquis/i isuis/irer
Third Person

Code: Select all

MASC.
     SG. PL.
NOM. is/hir is/hir
ACC. ina/hina ines/hind
GEN. is/hes ise/hera
DAT. ima/him in/him

FEM.
     SG. PL.
NOM. si/he yos/her
ACC. ya/heja yos/her
GEN. isos/her iso/hera
DAT. ise/her in/him

NEUT.
     SG. PL.
NOM. ita/þat ya/he
ACC. ita/þat ya/he
GEN. is/þas ise/hera
DAT. ima/þaðer in/him
I really like all of these but the second person ones have to be my favorite
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Ælfwine »

All4Ɇn - ah, we should all compare our Germlangs when they finish up.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by Nachtuil »

I just want to chime in that I think it is awesome that someone is doing this. I am kind of a fan of Gothic.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0

Post by felipesnark »

shimobaatar wrote:
Creyeditor wrote:Wow, I really like the grammatical glide-vowel alternations [:)]
Also your romanization really highlights them, good job [;)]
Thank you!
I like them too! Their alternation reminds me a bit of Shonkasika's 3rd person animate pronouns is/yos/yas.
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