Sawaan scratchpad
Sawaan scratchpad
This is a language spoken on an island off the Southeast coast of Fuhe; the northernmost language of a family mostly spoken near the planet's equator:
Phonology:
/m n ɲ ŋ/ <m n ñ ng>
/p t k ʔ/ <p t k '>
/s h/ <s h>
/l ɫ /<l ł>
/w j/ <w y>
/i o a/ <i o a>
/i: o: a:/ <ii oo aa>
/ai oi/ <ai oi>
Phonotactics:
CV(N)
Nouns:
Nouns do not inflect for case, but do inflect for number.
The Paucal (2-5) is formed by full reduplication: <'ałi> "woman" <'ałi 'ałi> "a few women"
Nouns have seven classes to form the plural:
1. Lengthening the first vowel when short: <'ałi> "woman" <'aałi> "women"
2. Reduplicating the first syllable. Nouns in this class whose initial vowel is long shorten the reduplicated vowel: <Tonga> "Boat" <Totonga> "boats"; 'aawa "spear" 'a'aawa "spears"
3. Prefix 'a: To'a "Chief"; 'ato'a "Chiefs"
4. Prefix pa: 'ikiñ "fish" pa'ikiñ "fish (plural)"
5. Suffix -ng when word ends in vowel: Sontaa "man" Sontaang "men"
6. Full reduplication (ie. no difference from paucal) Maika "girl" Maika maika "girls"
7. No change. Waan "Island" Waan "Islands"
Phonology:
/m n ɲ ŋ/ <m n ñ ng>
/p t k ʔ/ <p t k '>
/s h/ <s h>
/l ɫ /<l ł>
/w j/ <w y>
/i o a/ <i o a>
/i: o: a:/ <ii oo aa>
/ai oi/ <ai oi>
Phonotactics:
CV(N)
Nouns:
Nouns do not inflect for case, but do inflect for number.
The Paucal (2-5) is formed by full reduplication: <'ałi> "woman" <'ałi 'ałi> "a few women"
Nouns have seven classes to form the plural:
1. Lengthening the first vowel when short: <'ałi> "woman" <'aałi> "women"
2. Reduplicating the first syllable. Nouns in this class whose initial vowel is long shorten the reduplicated vowel: <Tonga> "Boat" <Totonga> "boats"; 'aawa "spear" 'a'aawa "spears"
3. Prefix 'a: To'a "Chief"; 'ato'a "Chiefs"
4. Prefix pa: 'ikiñ "fish" pa'ikiñ "fish (plural)"
5. Suffix -ng when word ends in vowel: Sontaa "man" Sontaang "men"
6. Full reduplication (ie. no difference from paucal) Maika "girl" Maika maika "girls"
7. No change. Waan "Island" Waan "Islands"
Last edited by Shemtov on 02 Dec 2016 09:59, edited 6 times in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
- k1234567890y
- mayan
- Posts: 2400
- Joined: 04 Jan 2014 04:47
- Contact:
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
looks nice (: do class 7 nouns have distinct paucal forms?
Also, are there any rules(e.g. animacy, natural gender, etc.) to decide which nouns belong to which classes? or the assignment of the classes are arbitrary?
Also, are there any rules(e.g. animacy, natural gender, etc.) to decide which nouns belong to which classes? or the assignment of the classes are arbitrary?
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
I'm not sure. Would that be unnaturalistic to have a distinct paucal but not a plural?k1234567890y wrote: do class 7 nouns have distinct paucal forms?
There are some general phonological and semantic rules.k1234567890y wrote:
Also, are there any rules(e.g. animacy, natural gender, etc.) to decide which nouns belong to which classes? or the assignment of the classes are arbitrary?
Class 1 consists of all human nouns who's initial syllable is CV which are not honorific.
Class 2 consists of of man-made objects.
Class 3 consists of honorific humans and domesticated animals.
Class 4 consists of undomesticated animals and most multi-syllabic natural inanimates.
Class 5. Consists of human nouns whose first syllable is either CV: or CVN and end in a vowel
Class 6 is children, Humans whose first syllable is either CV: or CVN and end in a nasal, land invertebrates, and some multi-syllabic natural inanimates.
Class 7 is monosyllabic natural inanimates.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Just for fun, the Phonology of Proto-Wanian (the name of the family Sawaanian is a part of) and sound changes to Proto-Northwest and the sound changes from that to Sawaan:
Proto-Wanian:
/p b t d c ɟ k g q ɢ /
/m n ɲ ŋ/\
/m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̥/
/ɸ s ç x h/
/l ʎ ʟ/
/j w/
/i e o ə a/
/ai oi/
/bV dV ɟV gV ɢV/>/pV: tV: cV: kV: qV:/
/q/>/ʔ/
/cə ɲə çə />/ce ɲe çe/
/ə/>/a/
/mV nV ɲV ŋV/>/mV: nV: ɲV: ŋV:/
m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̥>/m n ɲ ŋ/
/wV/>/wV:/
/lV ʎV ʟV jV/>/lV: ʎV: ʟV: jV:/
/ɸV/>/ʍV/>/wV:/
/p _c _t _k/>/_ʔ/
Proto-Northwest:
/p t c k ʔ/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/s ç x h/
/l ʎ ʟ/
/j w/
/i i: e e: o o: a a:/
/ai oi/
Proto-Northwest to Sawaan:
/k/>/ʔ/
/c/>/k/
/x/>/h/
/ç/>/x/>/h/
/ʎi ʎi:/>/ji ji:/
/ʎ/>/l/
/e:/>/i/
/e/>/a/
/ʟ/>/ɫ/
//_ʔ/>∅
Proto-Wanian:
/p b t d c ɟ k g q ɢ /
/m n ɲ ŋ/\
/m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̥/
/ɸ s ç x h/
/l ʎ ʟ/
/j w/
/i e o ə a/
/ai oi/
/bV dV ɟV gV ɢV/>/pV: tV: cV: kV: qV:/
/q/>/ʔ/
/cə ɲə çə />/ce ɲe çe/
/ə/>/a/
/mV nV ɲV ŋV/>/mV: nV: ɲV: ŋV:/
m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̥>/m n ɲ ŋ/
/wV/>/wV:/
/lV ʎV ʟV jV/>/lV: ʎV: ʟV: jV:/
/ɸV/>/ʍV/>/wV:/
/p _c _t _k/>/_ʔ/
Proto-Northwest:
/p t c k ʔ/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/s ç x h/
/l ʎ ʟ/
/j w/
/i i: e e: o o: a a:/
/ai oi/
Proto-Northwest to Sawaan:
/k/>/ʔ/
/c/>/k/
/x/>/h/
/ç/>/x/>/h/
/ʎi ʎi:/>/ji ji:/
/ʎ/>/l/
/e:/>/i/
/e/>/a/
/ʟ/>/ɫ/
//_ʔ/>∅
Last edited by Shemtov on 01 Dec 2016 03:48, edited 1 time in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
- k1234567890y
- mayan
- Posts: 2400
- Joined: 04 Jan 2014 04:47
- Contact:
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
nice (: and this can really help to develop its relatives.Shemtov wrote:Spoiler:
I guess so, although I don't have evidence.Shemtov wrote:Would that be unnaturalistic to have a distinct paucal but not a plural?
But as this is your language, you have rights to decide what to do (:
nice (:Shemtov wrote: There are some general phonological and semantic rules.
Class 1 consists of all human nouns who's initial syllable is CV which are not honorific.
Class 2 consists of of man-made objects.
Class 3 consists of honorific humans and domesticated animals.
Class 4 consists of undomesticated animals and most multi-syllabic natural inanimates.
Class 5. Consists of human nouns whose first syllable is either CV: or CVN and end in a vowel
Class 6 is children, Humans whose first syllable is either CV: or CVN and end in a nasal, land invertebrates, and some multi-syllabic natural inanimates.
Class 7 is monosyllabic natural inanimates.
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Verbs do not inflect for number, person or tense. There are aspect-mood particles that come before the verb, but they won't be considered in this post. The language has Philippine alignment, and so verbs are marked for focus. There are three classes of verbs, which correspond to the way the focus is shown. Some focuses have only two different variant morphemes, and class three verbs take class morphemes in such cases.
All verb root are di- or trisyllabic and long vowels are only allowed in the penault.
Focuses:
Object Focus (OF): Direct object. Is the null morpheme in all classes.
Subject Focus (SF): Class 1: suffix-'añ Class 2: Infix -ya- before penault.
Instrumental focus (IF): Class 1: Prefix pa- Class 2: Suffix - ɫi Class three: Circumfix wo--'ii
Locative Focus (LF): Class 1: Suffix -hi Class 2: Circumfix ma--tan Class 3: Suffix: -taa
Benefactive focus (BF): Can be used for indirect objects, and movement toward with location nouns. Class 1: Reduplication of penault; shorten vowel if long in replicated syllable. Class 2: Infix -si- after penault. Class 3: Prefix ñaa-
Causative Focus (CF): Indicates the reason for the action. Also used for movement away with location nouns. Class 1: Lengthening of ultima. Class 2: Reduplication of ultima.
All verb root are di- or trisyllabic and long vowels are only allowed in the penault.
Focuses:
Object Focus (OF): Direct object. Is the null morpheme in all classes.
Subject Focus (SF): Class 1: suffix-'añ Class 2: Infix -ya- before penault.
Instrumental focus (IF): Class 1: Prefix pa- Class 2: Suffix - ɫi Class three: Circumfix wo--'ii
Locative Focus (LF): Class 1: Suffix -hi Class 2: Circumfix ma--tan Class 3: Suffix: -taa
Benefactive focus (BF): Can be used for indirect objects, and movement toward with location nouns. Class 1: Reduplication of penault; shorten vowel if long in replicated syllable. Class 2: Infix -si- after penault. Class 3: Prefix ñaa-
Causative Focus (CF): Indicates the reason for the action. Also used for movement away with location nouns. Class 1: Lengthening of ultima. Class 2: Reduplication of ultima.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
As noted before, tense does not technically exist in Sawaan, though there are aspect-mood particles that come before the verb. There is a community of speakers on the southeast and southern coasts of Fuhe, the southernmost speakers of this community do speak a dialect where the first three Aspect-Moods are used for past, present and future, though this may be considered a seperate language. Still, oftentimes, this correspondence between tense and Aspect-mood does exist in standard Sawaan to a degree, though this can be easily be broken by adverbs of time.
The four Aspects-Moods and their prepositioned particles:
1. Perfect: <Sa>: Shows completed actions; often used as the protasis of conditional sentences.
2. Imperfective:<'ai>: Continuous or Habitual aspect.
3. Subjunctive: <Ni>: Expresses things that should be but aren't; often an apodeisis.
4. Imperative: <Haa>
These can all be negated by putting the particle <Mañ > in front of them.
Adverbs are uninfected and come between the particles and the verb.
Examples:
Sa kaahonti ngoi
PRF come 1P.SING.FOC
"I came"
'ai napoo ngoi
IMP. walk 1P.SING.FOC
"I am walking"
or
"I walk often"
Sa piikii kaahonti ngoi
PRF tomorrow come 1P.SING.FOC
"I will have come by tomorrow"
'ai wałong napoo ngoi
IMP. last.year walk 1P.SING.FOC
"I used to walk often last year."
Mañ sa piikii kaahonti ngoi
NEG PRF tomorrow come 1P.SING.FOC
"I will not have come by tomorrow"
Sa kaahonti ña , ni mooto ngoi
PRF come 2P.SING.FOC SUBJ go 1P.SING.FOC
"If you come, I will go."
The four Aspects-Moods and their prepositioned particles:
1. Perfect: <Sa>: Shows completed actions; often used as the protasis of conditional sentences.
2. Imperfective:<'ai>: Continuous or Habitual aspect.
3. Subjunctive: <Ni>: Expresses things that should be but aren't; often an apodeisis.
4. Imperative: <Haa>
These can all be negated by putting the particle <Mañ > in front of them.
Adverbs are uninfected and come between the particles and the verb.
Examples:
Sa kaahonti ngoi
PRF come 1P.SING.FOC
"I came"
'ai napoo ngoi
IMP. walk 1P.SING.FOC
"I am walking"
or
"I walk often"
Sa piikii kaahonti ngoi
PRF tomorrow come 1P.SING.FOC
"I will have come by tomorrow"
'ai wałong napoo ngoi
IMP. last.year walk 1P.SING.FOC
"I used to walk often last year."
Mañ sa piikii kaahonti ngoi
NEG PRF tomorrow come 1P.SING.FOC
"I will not have come by tomorrow"
Sa kaahonti ña , ni mooto ngoi
PRF come 2P.SING.FOC SUBJ go 1P.SING.FOC
"If you come, I will go."
Last edited by Shemtov on 06 Jan 2017 02:59, edited 1 time in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Nouns take prepositioned particles marking them as either Focus (FOC.) or Non-Focus (NFOC) The Focus Particle is <ngoi>, and the Non-Focus particle is <'añ>.
The focus usually comes right after the verb, or at the end of the sentence. However, non-focus nouns can come before the focus noun with nouns following the focus noun, to indicate "secondary emphasis" to one of them. The non-focus nouns ussually follow the following order: Subject, Object, Benefactive, instrument, location, cause.
Example:
Mañ ni ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi ngoi 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Mañ ni ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi ngoi 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
NEG. SUBJ <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"The women shouldn't destroy the canoes with fire for the chiefs"
The focus usually comes right after the verb, or at the end of the sentence. However, non-focus nouns can come before the focus noun with nouns following the focus noun, to indicate "secondary emphasis" to one of them. The non-focus nouns ussually follow the following order: Subject, Object, Benefactive, instrument, location, cause.
Example:
Mañ ni ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi ngoi 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Mañ ni ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi ngoi 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
NEG. SUBJ <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"The women shouldn't destroy the canoes with fire for the chiefs"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
The existential particle <ko> is used instead of the focus particle to indicate the existance of the focus noun:
Mañ ni ki'oyangi ko 'aałi añ 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Mañ ni ki'o<ya>ngi ko 'a<a>łi añ 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
NEG. SUBJ <SF>destroy EXIST <PLR>woman NFOCPLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"There are women who shouldn't destroy the canoes with fire for the chiefs"
<ko> can also be used with a base intransitive verb to signify an unknown actor:
Hi'oki ko
"There is a fishing expedition going on"
Mañ ni ki'oyangi ko 'aałi añ 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Mañ ni ki'o<ya>ngi ko 'a<a>łi añ 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
NEG. SUBJ <SF>destroy EXIST <PLR>woman NFOCPLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"There are women who shouldn't destroy the canoes with fire for the chiefs"
<ko> can also be used with a base intransitive verb to signify an unknown actor:
Hi'oki ko
"There is a fishing expedition going on"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Pronouns:
Focus:
1P singular: ngai
1p plr exclusive: Moi
1P plr inclusive: Ma
2P sing Ña
2P plr: Ni
3p sing: Ta
3P plr: Sai
Non-focus
1p sing: Ngoong
1p plr exclusive: Moom
1P plr inclusive: Maam
2P sing: Ñaang
2P plr: Niiñ
3p sing: Taan
3P plr: Siin
Possessive (inalienable):
1p sing: Ngo
1p plr exclusive: Mo
1P plr inclusive: Mao
2P sing: Ñao
2P plr: Nai
3p sing: Tao
3P plr: Sao
Possessive (alienable)
1p sing: Ngi'a
1p plr exclusive: Mi'a
1P plr inclusive: Mai'a
2P sing: Ña'a
2P plr: Na'a
3p sing: Ta'a
3P plr: Si'a
Inalienable possessive pronouns are put before the possessed noun, while inalienable pronouns are put after:
Ngo łanii
"My hand"
Tonga ngi'a
"My canoe"
Inalienable possessions without pronouns are formed with the particle 'o between the possessor and the possesee:
To'a 'o łanii
"The chief's hand
While alienable possessions are formed by POSSESOR POSSESEE followed by the 3P alienable pronoun with the right number:
To'a tonga ta'a
"The chief's canoe"
Focus:
1P singular: ngai
1p plr exclusive: Moi
1P plr inclusive: Ma
2P sing Ña
2P plr: Ni
3p sing: Ta
3P plr: Sai
Non-focus
1p sing: Ngoong
1p plr exclusive: Moom
1P plr inclusive: Maam
2P sing: Ñaang
2P plr: Niiñ
3p sing: Taan
3P plr: Siin
Possessive (inalienable):
1p sing: Ngo
1p plr exclusive: Mo
1P plr inclusive: Mao
2P sing: Ñao
2P plr: Nai
3p sing: Tao
3P plr: Sao
Possessive (alienable)
1p sing: Ngi'a
1p plr exclusive: Mi'a
1P plr inclusive: Mai'a
2P sing: Ña'a
2P plr: Na'a
3p sing: Ta'a
3P plr: Si'a
Inalienable possessive pronouns are put before the possessed noun, while inalienable pronouns are put after:
Ngo łanii
"My hand"
Tonga ngi'a
"My canoe"
Inalienable possessions without pronouns are formed with the particle 'o between the possessor and the possesee:
To'a 'o łanii
"The chief's hand
While alienable possessions are formed by POSSESOR POSSESEE followed by the 3P alienable pronoun with the right number:
To'a tonga ta'a
"The chief's canoe"
Last edited by Shemtov on 06 Jan 2017 03:14, edited 1 time in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Sawaan has three sets of numerals from one to ten: Counting Non-Human and Human, the latter two of which are used before Non-Human and Human nouns respectively; though some dialects count Domesticated animals and land inverterbrates as Human because of the class system.
Counting numbers 1-10:
1. Saki
2. Minaa
3: 'atila
4. Kikoo
5. Ngam
6. Pita
7. Moto
8. 'oołi
9. Nopi
10: 'awaañ
Non-Human numbers:
1. 'osaki
2. 'oiminaa
3: 'o'atila
4. 'oikikoo
5. Nongam
6. 'oipita
7. Nomoto
8. 'o'oołi
9. nonopi
10: 'o'awaañ
Human numbers:
1. Sasaki
2. Maiminaa
3: 'a'atila
4. Kaikikoo
5. Ngangam
6. Paipita
7. Mamoto
8. 'a'oołi
9. nonopi
10: 'a'awaañ
Numbers 11-19 are formed like this:
11.'awansaki
12.'awanmina
13. 'awan'atila
etc.
numbers 20-99 are formed like this:
20. Mina'awaañ
21: Mina'awaañsaki
30: 'atila'awaañ
42: Kikoo'awaañmina
Not that the 50s are formed irregularly by dropping the glottal stop from 'awaañ and making the /m/ in ngam the initial and not a coda::
50:Ngamawaañ
51. Ngamawaañsaki
etc.
Counting numbers 1-10:
1. Saki
2. Minaa
3: 'atila
4. Kikoo
5. Ngam
6. Pita
7. Moto
8. 'oołi
9. Nopi
10: 'awaañ
Non-Human numbers:
1. 'osaki
2. 'oiminaa
3: 'o'atila
4. 'oikikoo
5. Nongam
6. 'oipita
7. Nomoto
8. 'o'oołi
9. nonopi
10: 'o'awaañ
Human numbers:
1. Sasaki
2. Maiminaa
3: 'a'atila
4. Kaikikoo
5. Ngangam
6. Paipita
7. Mamoto
8. 'a'oołi
9. nonopi
10: 'a'awaañ
Numbers 11-19 are formed like this:
11.'awansaki
12.'awanmina
13. 'awan'atila
etc.
numbers 20-99 are formed like this:
20. Mina'awaañ
21: Mina'awaañsaki
30: 'atila'awaañ
42: Kikoo'awaañmina
Not that the 50s are formed irregularly by dropping the glottal stop from 'awaañ and making the /m/ in ngam the initial and not a coda::
50:Ngamawaañ
51. Ngamawaañsaki
etc.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Sawaan has three particles that occur after the aspect particle, that one might describe as being a secondary aspect, or the combined aspect.
These partciles are:
Miso: Inchoative
Kom: Cessative
'i'o Iterative
To see how these combine with the primary tenses, we will consider the phrase Pilaki ngoi "I sing"
Sa miso pilaki ngoi
"I have begun to sing"
'ai miso pilaki ngoi
"I am begining to sing"
Sa kom pilaki ngoi
"I have finished singing"
'ai kom pilaki ngoi
"I am finishing singing"
Sa 'i'o pilaki ngoi
"I have sung over and over [but such action is finished or a is completed set of songs]
'ai 'i'o pilaki ngoi
"I am singing over and over"
These partciles are:
Miso: Inchoative
Kom: Cessative
'i'o Iterative
To see how these combine with the primary tenses, we will consider the phrase Pilaki ngoi "I sing"
Sa miso pilaki ngoi
"I have begun to sing"
'ai miso pilaki ngoi
"I am begining to sing"
Sa kom pilaki ngoi
"I have finished singing"
'ai kom pilaki ngoi
"I am finishing singing"
Sa 'i'o pilaki ngoi
"I have sung over and over [but such action is finished or a is completed set of songs]
'ai 'i'o pilaki ngoi
"I am singing over and over"
Last edited by Shemtov on 22 Dec 2016 20:15, edited 1 time in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Some ideas for allophony:
After /ɲ j k/ (as the latter used to be palatal) /a o/ are realized as [ɛ ø]. Their are in fact dialects where this is phonemic after /h/ when /h/ was formely /ç/.
After the glottal stop and /ɫ/, /a i/ are backed to /ɑ ɨ/.
/si li ti/ are realized as [ʃi lʲi t͡ʃi].
After /ɲ j k/ (as the latter used to be palatal) /a o/ are realized as [ɛ ø]. Their are in fact dialects where this is phonemic after /h/ when /h/ was formely /ç/.
After the glottal stop and /ɫ/, /a i/ are backed to /ɑ ɨ/.
/si li ti/ are realized as [ʃi lʲi t͡ʃi].
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
There are two causative constructions: The indirect causative and the direct causative. The Indirect one is formed by the particle <łañ> before the verb, and the direct causative is formed by putting the infix -pa- before the ultima (this comes after any focus markers.
Some examples to show the difference in usage between the two causatives:
Sa łañ mata'a ngoi to'a ñaang
"You have caused the chief to die"
Sa matapa'a ngoi to'a ñaang
"you have killed the chief"
Ni łañ hi'osika siin ña
"they should go on a fishing expedition because of you"
Ni hi'osipaka siin ña
"You should convince them go on a fishing expedition"
We see that the benefactive combined with the direct causative can mean "to convince". However:
Ni hi'opaka sai ñaang
"You should force them to go on a fishing expedition"
Basically, to express this using faux genrative grammar:
When X=Verb Y,Z=Human nouns:
X-causative Y(Object) Z(Benefactive) means Z convinced Y to do X
while
X-causative Y(Object) Z(Subject) means Z forced Y to do X
However the "convincing" use can be formed with the indirect causative:
Ni łañ hi'oka sai ñaang
"You should convince them go on a fishing expedition"
This, depending on the dialect and the social situation can express a more "gentle" convincing, however, this may just be a stylistic choice of the speaker.
Some examples to show the difference in usage between the two causatives:
Sa łañ mata'a ngoi to'a ñaang
"You have caused the chief to die"
Sa matapa'a ngoi to'a ñaang
"you have killed the chief"
Ni łañ hi'osika siin ña
"they should go on a fishing expedition because of you"
Ni hi'osipaka siin ña
"You should convince them go on a fishing expedition"
We see that the benefactive combined with the direct causative can mean "to convince". However:
Ni hi'opaka sai ñaang
"You should force them to go on a fishing expedition"
Basically, to express this using faux genrative grammar:
When X=Verb Y,Z=Human nouns:
X-causative Y(Object) Z(Benefactive) means Z convinced Y to do X
while
X-causative Y(Object) Z(Subject) means Z forced Y to do X
However the "convincing" use can be formed with the indirect causative:
Ni łañ hi'oka sai ñaang
"You should convince them go on a fishing expedition"
This, depending on the dialect and the social situation can express a more "gentle" convincing, however, this may just be a stylistic choice of the speaker.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
There are two existential negative particles: The focus <yo> and the non focus <tai'a>:
Sa ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi yo 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Sa ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi yo 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
PERF <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman NEG.FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"The women destroyed the canoes with fire, but not for the chiefs"
Sa ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi ngoi 'ato'a 'añ totonga tai'a woho
Sa ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi ngoi 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
PERF <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NEG.NFOC fire
"The women destroyed the canoes for the chiefs, but not with fire"
Sa ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi yo 'ato'a 'añ totonga 'añ woho
Sa ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi yo 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
PERF <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman NEG.FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NFOC fire
"The women destroyed the canoes with fire, but not for the chiefs"
Sa ki'osingi 'añ 'aałi ngoi 'ato'a 'añ totonga tai'a woho
Sa ki'o<si>ngi 'añ 'a<a>łi ngoi 'a-to'a 'añ to-tonga 'añ woho
PERF <BF>destroy NFOC <PLR>woman FOC PLR-chief NFOC PLR-canoe NEG.NFOC fire
"The women destroyed the canoes for the chiefs, but not with fire"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Verbal chains in Sawaan are where one argument is being effected by multiple verbs. They are formed by putting one verb, called the secondary verb, before the aspect particle, unmarked for focus:
Ngoto'a sa kom hi'o'oki moom ngoi manno
Ngoto'a sa kom hi'o<'o>ki moom ngoi manno
dance.sacred PERF CES <BENFOC> go.on.fishing.expedition 1P.PLR.EX FOC Village
"We have finished dancing and going on fishing expeditions for the sake of the village."
Ngoto'a sa kom hi'o'oki moom ngoi manno
Ngoto'a sa kom hi'o<'o>ki moom ngoi manno
dance.sacred PERF CES <BENFOC> go.on.fishing.expedition 1P.PLR.EX FOC Village
"We have finished dancing and going on fishing expeditions for the sake of the village."
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
There are two kinds of adjectives: Verbal and Adverbal.
Verbal adjectives are essentially stative verbs. If they apply to the focus, they are used as the secondary verb in a verb chain:
Malaama mañ ni ki'ongi ngoi totonga 'añ woota
Malaama mañ ni ki'ongi ngoi to-tonga 'añ woota
red NEG SUBJ destroy FOC PLR-canoe NFOC pig
"A pig should not destroy the red canoes"
If they do not apply to the focus, the verb comes between the non-focus particle and the noun, with the suffix sii attached:
Mañ ni kiya'ongi 'añ malaamasii totonga ngoi woota
Mañ ni ki<ya>'ongi 'añ malaama-sii to-tonga ngoi woota
red NEG SUBJ <SUBFOC>destroy NFOC red-ADJ PLR-canoe FOC pig
"A pig should not destroy the red canoes"
Adverbial adjectives are formed from adverbs with the prefix pai-
'ai tapoo ngoto'a ngai
IMPF well dance.sacred 1P.SING.FOC
"I dance the sacred dance well"
Mañ ni kiya'ongi 'añ totonga ngoi paitapoo woota
Mañ ni ki<ya>'ongi 'añ to-tonga ngoi pai-tapoo ngoi woota
red NEG SUBJ destroy NFOC PLR-canoe ADJ-Well FOC pig
"A good pig should not destroy the canoes"
Verbal adjectives are essentially stative verbs. If they apply to the focus, they are used as the secondary verb in a verb chain:
Malaama mañ ni ki'ongi ngoi totonga 'añ woota
Malaama mañ ni ki'ongi ngoi to-tonga 'añ woota
red NEG SUBJ destroy FOC PLR-canoe NFOC pig
"A pig should not destroy the red canoes"
If they do not apply to the focus, the verb comes between the non-focus particle and the noun, with the suffix sii attached:
Mañ ni kiya'ongi 'añ malaamasii totonga ngoi woota
Mañ ni ki<ya>'ongi 'añ malaama-sii to-tonga ngoi woota
red NEG SUBJ <SUBFOC>destroy NFOC red-ADJ PLR-canoe FOC pig
"A pig should not destroy the red canoes"
Adverbial adjectives are formed from adverbs with the prefix pai-
'ai tapoo ngoto'a ngai
IMPF well dance.sacred 1P.SING.FOC
"I dance the sacred dance well"
Mañ ni kiya'ongi 'añ totonga ngoi paitapoo woota
Mañ ni ki<ya>'ongi 'añ to-tonga ngoi pai-tapoo ngoi woota
red NEG SUBJ destroy NFOC PLR-canoe ADJ-Well FOC pig
"A good pig should not destroy the canoes"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Sawaan has two demonstratives: a Proximal and a Distal. They have have forms for singular and plural and, and for focus and non-focus:
Focus:
Proximal singular: Pa
Proximal plural: Papa
Distal singular: Mai
Distal plural: Mamai
Non-focus:
Proximal singular: Paang
Proximal plural: Papaang
Distal singular: Maim
Distal plural: Mamaim
They are used instead of 3P pronoun when the refferant is non-human.
Mañ ni ki'ongi papa 'añ woota
"A pig should not destroy these"
Polar questions are formed by the particle kaa at the beginning of the Phrase:
Kaa 'ai tapoo ngoto'a ngai
Do I dance the sacred dance well?
WH-questions are formed by replacing the noun questioned about with the wh-phrase apropiate:
"What" is the appropiate demonstrative followed by Ya:
Mañ ni ki'ongi papa ya 'añ woota
"What should a pig not destroy?"
"Who" is formed by the aproppiate 3P pronoun followed by ya:
Kaa 'ai tapoo ngoto'a ta ya
"Who dances the sacred dance well?"
Focus:
Proximal singular: Pa
Proximal plural: Papa
Distal singular: Mai
Distal plural: Mamai
Non-focus:
Proximal singular: Paang
Proximal plural: Papaang
Distal singular: Maim
Distal plural: Mamaim
They are used instead of 3P pronoun when the refferant is non-human.
Mañ ni ki'ongi papa 'añ woota
"A pig should not destroy these"
Polar questions are formed by the particle kaa at the beginning of the Phrase:
Kaa 'ai tapoo ngoto'a ngai
Do I dance the sacred dance well?
WH-questions are formed by replacing the noun questioned about with the wh-phrase apropiate:
"What" is the appropiate demonstrative followed by Ya:
Mañ ni ki'ongi papa ya 'añ woota
"What should a pig not destroy?"
"Who" is formed by the aproppiate 3P pronoun followed by ya:
Kaa 'ai tapoo ngoto'a ta ya
"Who dances the sacred dance well?"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Relative clauses are formed by putting the particle łi before the subordnated verb:
'ai łi nayapoo ngoi sontaang, ni hi'opaka sai ñaang
"You should force those men who are walking to go on a fishing expedition"
The accidental aspect particles particles are used in a. active voice clauses when b. the subject is human and b. does the action accidentally"
1. Perfect: <Sipaa>: Shows completed actions; often used as the protasis of conditional sentences.
2. Imperfective:<Niipaa>: Continuous or Habitual aspect.
Sipaa kiya'ongi ngoi 'aałi 'añ totonga '
"The women have destroyed the canoes by mistake"
'ai łi nayapoo ngoi sontaang, ni hi'opaka sai ñaang
"You should force those men who are walking to go on a fishing expedition"
The accidental aspect particles particles are used in a. active voice clauses when b. the subject is human and b. does the action accidentally"
1. Perfect: <Sipaa>: Shows completed actions; often used as the protasis of conditional sentences.
2. Imperfective:<Niipaa>: Continuous or Habitual aspect.
Sipaa kiya'ongi ngoi 'aałi 'añ totonga '
"The women have destroyed the canoes by mistake"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Sawaan scratchpad
Derivational Morphology:
Verbs can be nominalized by the suffix -tii, to mean the doer of the action:
Napootii
"A walker"
The prefix moo- forms the participle,:
Moonapoo
"The walking"
Nouns can be modified with two sets of diminutive and augmentive prefixes; one pertaining to status, and one to actual size:
Status Augmentative: koi-
Noun Sontaa
Koisontaa
"Leader"
Status diminutive: Paa
Noun To'a "chief"
Paato'a
"Chief's assistent"
Size augmentive Yoi-
Yoisontaa
"A fatty" (often as insulting as in English"
Size dimunutive Ha-
Hasontaa
"Dwarf"
Verbs can be nominalized by the suffix -tii, to mean the doer of the action:
Napootii
"A walker"
The prefix moo- forms the participle,:
Moonapoo
"The walking"
Nouns can be modified with two sets of diminutive and augmentive prefixes; one pertaining to status, and one to actual size:
Status Augmentative: koi-
Noun Sontaa
Koisontaa
"Leader"
Status diminutive: Paa
Noun To'a "chief"
Paato'a
"Chief's assistent"
Size augmentive Yoi-
Yoisontaa
"A fatty" (often as insulting as in English"
Size dimunutive Ha-
Hasontaa
"Dwarf"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien