Vålkakil

[Omzinesý]

Ill add even still one case.

The older version Vålkakil has Essive case /-(a)n/, deriving from the PU locative /-nA/ as in Finnic and Saami. It is used as a predicative (1) or an adverbial (2).

(1)
Topias pïhkan.
Topias is a boy.

(2)
Ehmanac, cena ehre.
As your mother, I forbid you.

I'll add Essive-Modal case. While the old Essive (Essive-Formal hereafter) expresses that something/somebody is X, Essive-Modal that somebody/something is like an X, i.e. somehow resembles an X. Their syntax is identical (3) and (4). Its marker is /-liš/. It's historically the same suffix as Finnish -llinen/-llise, FIN kirja 'book' - kirjallinen 'literal'.

(3)
Topias pïhgliš.
'Topias is like a boy.'

(4)
Ehmlišec, cena ehre.
'Like your mother does, I forbid you.'

Essive-Modal also marks what something/somebody is compared to, (5) and (6).

(5)
Ehš vančan ehmliš.
'Father is as old as mother.'

(6)
Ehš vančåhs ehmliš.
'Father is older than mother'

Essive-Formal does not have a special plural form. Essive-Modal does. Plural Essive-Formal marker is /-lihn/. It is an old Essive(-Modal) of the /-liš/ suffix that has been contracted. Plural form is not used as predicative (8).

(7)
Ehšåt vančåhs ehmlihn.
'Fathers are older than mothers'

Topias ta Ïhkor pïhgliš.
'Topiasd and Ïhkor are like boys.'

[Omzinesý]

I see the distinction between perfective and imperfective stems, perfective ones appearing without present tense, doesn't work.

I just cannot say things like "I usually go to school." or "I am on my way towards school." if I don't have the present tense. Semantically the aspect can be coded with discource or satellites, but I still cannot use Past or Future in those clauses.

Should I just use the Future or Past verb form for them?

[Omzinesý]

I decided to form past sg1 analoguosly with present sg1.
The old stem vowel is just generalized for the past too.

Presents (men- 'go')
Sg1men-e
Sg2 men-et
Sg3 men-o
Pl1men-eme
Pl2 men-ere
Pl3 men-ot

Past
Sg1men-j-e ~ men-i-e <menė> ~ meńe
Sg2 men-i-t
Sg3 men-i
Pl1men-i-me
Pl2 men-i-re
Pl3 men-i-t

The actual verb form differs by dialect. Palatalizations happen:
n + j => ń
k + j => ć
t + j => c

Presents (tek- 'do')
Sg1tek-e
Sg2 tek-et
Sg3 tek-o
Pl1tek-eme
Pl2 tek-ere
Pl3 tek-ot

Past
Sg1teće
Sg2 tekit
Sg3 teki
Pl1tekime
Pl2 tekire
Pl3 tekit

[Omzinesý]

Plural and Dual

Both of them only have four cases: Nominative-Accusative, Genitive-Dative, Ablative, and Comitative.

The plural forms are:
Nom-Acc: -at
Gen-Dat: -it
Abl: -ira
Comit: -ikker

The plural forms are:
Nom-Acc: -ach
Gen-Dat: -ich
Abl: -ira
Comit: -ichker

Dual forms are dissappearing from the language. The are obligatory of paired body parts and such.

The verbal plural marker is -n
Teg'men 'we two do'
Teg'ren 'you two do'
Tekon 'they two do'

[Omzinesý]

I save this old post of mine:

In my Uralic lang Vålkakil, there is Uralic root pån- 'to put' which is back-vocalic

påno 'puts'
pånë 'I put'
pånohk 'to put'

and a borrowed root from Slavonic pån- 'understand' which is front-vocalic

pånö 'understands'
påne 'I understand'
pånöhk 'to understand'

That is possible because low (central) vowels (a and å) are neutral for vowel harmony.

[Omzinesý]

Pronominal possession

The possessor suffixes of nouns have been described above.

Singular personal pronouns have two sets of genitive-dative forms: short and long ones.

men - mena - mah 'I - my - my'
cen - cena - cah 'you - your - your'
töm - töma - tah 'he/she/it - his/her/its - his/her/its'

The long ones are used for focusing or other ways emphasizing.

Cena najac lühpo måh.
YOUR wife loves me. (not his)

Mah najaj lühpo måh.
'My wife loves me.'

Lühpe cena najånc.
'I love YOUR wife. (not mine)'


A possessor suffix without a genitive-dative form of the pronoun can be used further in the clause to refer to the subject.

Cen lühpet najånc?
'Do you love your wife?'

Cen lühpet cena najånc?
'Is it your wife you love?'


If the first word in the clause has a possessor suffix but not a genitive-dative pronoun, it expresses topicalization, i.e. a new referent is raised to the topic status. First and second person possessive suffixes are used for language-external topics, i.e. referents that are present where we are speaking but not in the discourse.

Ćajaj pagan.
'This tee (I'm holding a cup.) is delicious.'

Košćic coli.
'The cat arrived.' (Supposing the cat is either physically or mentally closer to you than me)


Discourse-internal but not very discourse-active referents are topicalized (i.e. made very discourse-active) by using the third person possessive suffix -š.

Gehpaš våhlusi pahgin.
'The fox as for, he was the good guy of the story.'