ɣø languages megathread

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ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

The ɣø languages are a dialect continuum of languages found on the middle east coast of Fuhe. There is indication that the proto-language was once a language of a sprawling empire, that was later conquered by Fuheko speakers, as there are many loans from the language in Fuheko, such as Fuheko ükkü "House" Proto-ɣø yk˥ "House"

The ɣø languages are isolating and analytic. I will present the grammar of Proto-ɣø first before moving on to the modern dialects.

Proto-ɣø phonology:
/p b t d k g/
/s z x ɣ h/
/m n ŋ/
/l/
/w j/

/i y u/
/e ø o/
/ɛ œ ɔ/
/ä/

/˧ ˥/

Phonotactics: (C)V(C)T
Permitted finals /m n ŋ p t k/

Pronouns:
The pronouns have three persons, and they are:
ɣɛ˧- 1P
ny˥- 2P
dy˧-3P

They can be pluralised with the suffix ŋɔt˥

ɣɛ˧ŋɔt˥ "we"

ŋɔt˥ can also be used with personal names or titles to indicate "This person and his or her associates":
dœm˧ "Governor"
dœm˧ ŋɔt˥ "The governor and his entourage"
Last edited by Shemtov on 25 Jun 2017 06:02, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

More on the proto-ɣø Noun phrase:
Nouns, mostly inanimates can be pluralized by reduplication, but this is not required
yk˥
"A House; Houses"
yk˥ yk˥
"Houses"

Possesion is parked by the particle bɛ˥, though this is not used after pronouns:

dœm˧ bɛ˥ yk˥
"The governor's house"

ɣɛ˧ yk˥
"My house"

The demostrative pronouns are local and distal: zä˥ and ɣœŋ˥

zä˥ yk˥
"This house"

ɣœŋ˥ yk˥
"That house"


The numbers 1-10 are:
1. sœk˥
2. mi˧
3. lon˥
4. ŋuŋ˥
5. dym˧
6. mœn˧
7. ɣäp˧
8. hɔm˧
9. gøt˥
10. sym˧

They require measure words to be placed between them and the noun:
Examples:
nin˧: persons
hɔn˥: Natural features
ŋyp˥: long things, like rivers, feathers, snakes and centipedes
mit˥: Man-made objects

dym˧ mit˥ yk˥
"Five houses"
mi˧ nin˧ dœm˧
"Two governers"
etc.
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Simple sentences:
The word order of Proto-ɣø is SVO, so we get sentences like this:
zä˥ dœm˧ sut˥ kym˥
this governor eat meat
"This governor eats meat"

Tense can, though not necessarily so, be specified by the helping verbs gœm˧ "to have" past tense and tut˧ "to want"- future tense. There are also aspectual markers, but they will be considered in the next post:

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥
this governor have eat meat
"This governor ate meat"


Negatives can be expressed by the particle bœ˧ or the emphatic negative lɔ˥:
zä˥ dœm˧ bœ˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥
"This governor doesn't eat meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ lɔ˥ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥
"This governer surely doesn't eat meat.

Topicalazation is a process by which a non-subject is moved to the front of a sentence and adding the particle wɛ˧ after it:
kym˥ wɛ˧ zä˥ dœm˧ sut˥
"Meat, this governor eats"

It is used to introduce a noun to a conversation. It can also be used with locatives, indirect objects, annd instruments, but we will discuss those when those are discussed.

It can also be used with a subject, when the subject is new to the discussion and is definite (in fact, in some descendants, it became a definite marker):

dœm˧ wɛ˧ sut˥ kym˥
The governor, he eats meat"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Proto-ɣø had a rich system of sentence-final aspect particles:
Progressive: nɔ˥- To emphasise an activity the result of which still applies to the present situation
Experiential: gyt˥- To emphasise an activity completed in the indeterminate past which no longer applies to the present situation
Delimitative: ɣät˦- To emphasise an activity of brief duration
Habitual: ŋok˧- To emphasize habitual action
Inchoative: gy˧-To emphasise the beginning of an activity
Sudden Inchoative: dät˥- Same as the Inchoative, but with emphasis on the suddeness of the beginning of the activity.
Cessative: tœ˧ -To emphasise the end of an activity
Sudden Cessative: køt˥- Same as the Cessative, but with emphasis on the suddeness of the end of the activity.
Continuative: dyŋ˧- To emphasise the continuation of an activity

Let's see how these work:
zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ nɔ˥
"The govenor was eating meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ gyt˥
"The govenor used to eat meat"


zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ ɣät˦
"The govenor ate a little meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ ŋok˧
"The govenor used to eat meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ gy˧
"The govenor began eating meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ dät˥
"Suddenly, the govenor began to eat meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ tœ˧
"The govenor stopped eating meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ nɔ˥ køt˥
"Suddenly, the govenor stopped eating meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ dyŋ˧
"The govenor went on eating meat"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

There are two copulas: a regular one, and an emphatic one, lot˧ and ngø˥, respectively.

kym˥ lot˧ by˥
meat COP food
"Meat is food"

kym˥ ngø˥ by˥
meat COP.EMP food
"Meat is indeed food.

The copula alsways must come between the two nouns, this means that if the second object is topacalized the copula must come after wɛ˧
by˥ wɛ˧ lot˧ kym˥
"As for food, meat is [it]
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Adjectives:
Attributive Adjectives are formed by putting the adjective followed by the particle bɛ˥ before the noun:
tyt˧ bɛ˥ by˥
"Hot food"

The adjective can be intesified by reduplication:
tyt˧ tyt˧ bɛ˥ by˥
"Very hot food"

Predicative adjectives are stative verbs that follow the noun. No copula is required. If the copula is inserted, it gives the sentence an emphatic meaning:

by˥ tyt˧
"The food is hot"

by˥ lot˧ tyt˧
"The food is indeed hot"

Comparatives can be formed in two ways:
By the particle dœŋ˧ after the adjective

äm˥ tyt˧ dœŋ˧ kym˥
"The bread is hotter then the meat"


äm˥ tyt˧ dœŋ˧
"The bread is hotter"

The second way is NOUN1 som˧ NOUN2 ADJ.
som˧ litterally means "to compare"
This construction has an emphatic meaning.
äm˥ som˧ kym˥ tyt˧
"The bread is indeed hotter then the meat"

It can also be used to topicalize the comparision, by putting the adjective followed by wɛ˧ first:
tyt˧ wɛ˧ äm˥ som˧ kym˥
"As for which one is hotter, the bread is more then the meat"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

Verbs of motion:
ɛm˧- to come
jɔŋ˧- to go
lak˥- to walk
bøŋ˧- to run
sit˥- to ride

Verbs of motion have to have a particle saying whether one is going to (dak˥) a location or from (gœm˧) a location.

Thus we get sentences like:
ɣɛ˧ bøŋ˧ gœm˧ sy˧ja˥ dät˥
"I suddenly start running from Siya"

To express where an action takes place, the particle mɛŋ˥ is used:
zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ mɛŋ˥ sy˧ja˥ ɣät˦
"That governor ate a little meat at Siya"

This can be fronted with wɛ˧:
mɛŋ˥ sy˧ja˥ wɛ˧ zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ ɣät˦
"It was at Siya that that governor ate a little meat"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

And now a descendant Dialect: Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo. I call them dialects, but they are really separate languages; I only use the word Dialect as that is the word that the ruling Fuheko-speakers use. Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo is the Southernmost dialect (and means "Language of the southern band), and is the most widely spoken ɣø -dialect.
Sound changes:
/b˧ d˧ g˧ z˧/>/p˩ t˩ k˩ s˩/
/b˥ d˥ g˥ z˥/>/p˧ t˧ k˧ s˧/
/ɣ/ _i _e _ɛ _y _ø _œ/>/j/
/ɣ˥/ _u _o _ɔ> /∅˧/
/ɣ˧/ _u _o _ɔ> /∅˩/
/ t k/ _y _ø _œ>/tɕ/
/s/ / _y _ø _œ>/ɕ/
/n/ _y _ø _œ>/ɲ/
/y/>u
/ø/>o
/œ/>ɔ
/_k _p _t/>_ʔ
/_ʔ˥ _ʔ˧/>/_∅˧˥
/_ʔ˩/>/_∅˩˨
/ŋ/_>/w/
/x/>/h/
/w/>/ʋ/

/p t tɕ k/ <p t ch k>
/s ɕ h/ <s sh h>
/m n ɲ -ŋ/ <m n nh ng>
/l ʋ j/ <l v y>

/i e ɛ u o ɔ a/ <i ee e u oo o a>
/˥ ˧ ˩ ˧˥ ˩˨/ <V̄ V Vh V́ V́h>

Permitted finals:
/m n ŋ/
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

The noun Phrase of Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo:

Pronouns:
The pronouns have three persons, and they are:
Eh- 1P
Nhū- 2P
Chuh-3P

They can be pluralized with the particle Vó. This is the only use for Vó. Other nouns are regularly reduplicated to form plurals.

The possesive particle is pe:

Eh pe chūm-pu
"My meat"

As you can see, many nouns now form compound nouns, marked by <-> , because of homophones. An example would be Tóh-nin "Tribe or Band" to contast with Tóh-hú "Iron"

Nouns now take a definite article, the postparticle ve:

chūm-pu
"Meat"
chūm-pu ve
"The meat"

The demostrative pronouns are local and distal: Sa and yong



The numbers 1-10 are:
1. sō
2. mi
3. lōn
4. vūŋ
5. Chuhm
6. mon
7. áh
8. hom
9. kóo
10. Shum

They require measure words to be placed between them and the noun:
Examples:
nin: persons
hōn: Natural features
vú: long things, like rivers, feathers, snakes and centipedes
mí: Man-made objects
pu- food

Example:
yong pu chūm-pu
"That meat"

lōn nin chohm-nin ve
"The three governors"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo has rich system of alternate personal 2nd and 3rd person pronouns used to refer to people based on rank.
Ohng-An older man; a governor; Litterally "Paternal Grandfather"
Nhóo- An older woman; Literally "Paternal grandmother"
Tá- a good male freind; litterally "Brother"
Shúh- A good female friend; Literally "sister"
Kuh- A lowly person; a rapscallion; Literally "dog"

Depending on the dialect (I mean dialect dialect), when used in the third person, this is often appended to (before or after) Chuh, the normal 3P pronoun.
In all dialects, to make these plural one appends Nhū-vó "You all" to them in the second person.
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Frislander »

I'm liking the look of this daughterlang! Reminds me of Cantonese (I'm guessing that's intentional?)
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Returning to Proto-ɣø for a post:
Polar questions are formed by the particle zit˥. The particle is placed after the part of the sentence which the doubt is about.
Thus the sentence:
zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ tœ˧
"That governor stopped eating meat"

zä˥ dœm˧ zit˥ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ tœ˧
"Was it the governor who stopped eating meat?"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ zit˥ kym˥ tœ˧
"Was it eating the meat that the governor stopped?"


zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ zit˥ tœ˧
"Was it meat that the governor stopped eating?"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ tœ˧ zit˥
"Did the governor STOP eating meat?"

Wh-questions can be formed by replacing the noun with an interogative pronoun. Mat˥ "who" Gœŋ˧ "what" Mek˥ "Where?"


mat˥ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ tœ˧
"Who stopped eating meat?"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ gœŋ˧ tœ˧
"What did that governor stop eating?"

zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ mɛŋ˥ mek˥ ɣät˦
"Where did the governor eat a little meat?"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Back to Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo:
Simple sentences are formed by the order SVO. Because of homophones many verbs are now bisyllabic, often with a noun component attached. Example: Sú-pu"To eat":

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve sú-pu chūm-pu
"The three governors eat meat"

Tense is now an obligatory part of the verb system with Chohm being the past tense auxiliary and tú being the future tense. To say "Have" in Chuhng Tóh-nin Yōo one uses the verb kí which comes from a proto-ɣø meaning "to hold".

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu
"The three governors ate meat"

One can topicalize objects by putting it at the beginning of the sentence and making it definite: chūm-pu ve lōn nin chohm-nin ve sú-pu
"As for the meat, the three governors eat it"

To negate a verb one uses the particle poh:
Lōn nin chohm-nin ve poh sú-pu chūm-pu
"The three governors don't eat meat"

The copula is lóo:
Lōn nin chohm-nin ve lóo Vu-hee-nin
"The three governors are Fuhekan"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Aspectual marking in Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō:
Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō marks aspect by putting aspect particles at the end of the sentence. They are:
Progressive: nō- To emphasise an activity the result of which still applies to the present situation
Experiential: chúh- To emphasise an activity completed in the indeterminate past which no longer applies to the present situation
Habitual: vóo- To emphasize habitual action
Inchoative: chuh-To emphasise the beginning of an activity
Cessative: cho -To emphasise the end of an activity
Continuative: chuhng- To emphasise the continuation of an activity


Let's take that sentence again:
Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu nō
"The three governors were eating meat"

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu chúh
"The governors used to eat meat"

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu vóo
"The three governors would regularly eat meat"

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu chuh
"The three governors started eating meat"

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu cho
"The three governors stopped eating meat"

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu chuhng
"The three governors went on eating meat"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

First of all, I would like to point out that Proto-ɣø, which was spoken almost 2,000 years ago, had a logography, with much writing, and if the World of Fuhe had Modern Linguistics, they would be able to use the Comparative Method to find outwhat the Proto-phonology was, so when I present Proto-ɣø, it is not speculative, but rather the actual protolang.
Second of all, this post will be a bit different from my usual posts. I will first discuss how certain structures were formed in Proto-ɣø, and then present their modern realization for Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō.

Conditional sentences:
In Proto-ɣø, the protasis was optionally introduced with the particle bœp˧, followed by the apodeisis:
bœp˧ dœm˧ gœm˧ sut˥ kym˥ nɔ˥, kym˥ lot˧ by˥
"If the governor was eating meat, meat is food"

However, Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō has two particles for introducing the protasis Péh, the factual and Lō, the conterfactual:

Péh lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm sú-pu chūm-pu nō, chūm-pu lóo pu
""If the three governors were eating meat, meat is food"
Lō nhū poohng, eh poohng
"If only you would run, so would I"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Dative construction:
This post will follow the same format as the previous post.

In Proto-ɣø, the indirect object was marked by the particle gi˧. The word for "to give" was gøt˧


ɣɛ˧ gøt˧ gi˧ ny˥ yk˥ nɔ˥
"I gave you a house"

To topacalize the IO, the particle gi˧ was repeated in both the topacalized clause, and the main sentence:
gi˧ ny˥ ɣɛ˧ gøt˧ gi˧ ny˥ yk˥ nɔ˥
"To you I gave the house"

Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō forms simple dative sentence the same way:

Eh chohm kóoh kih nhū ú-mōng nō
"I gave you the house."


However, when the IO is topacalized with ve, the IO particle and the IO are not repeated:

Kih nhū ve eh chohm kóoh ú-mōng nō
"To you I gave the house"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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Frislander wrote:I'm liking the look of this daughterlang! Reminds me of Cantonese (I'm guessing that's intentional?)
The orthog is inspired by Yale Cantonese, but certain elements (no final stops) come from Mandarin. There is also a small Vietnamese inspiration. I plan to work in a Khmer inspiration, if not in this daughter, another one (which like Cantonese has word final stops and phonemic /kʷ/.)
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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New Descendent: Pít Tòk-nin Hê:
/b˧ d˧ g˧ z˧/>/p˩ t˩ k˩ s˩/
/b˥ d˥ g˥ z˥/>/p˧ t˧ k˧ s˧/
/ɣ/ _i _e _ɛ _y _ø _œ/>/j/
/ɣ˥/ _u _o _ɔ> /x˧/
/ɣ˧/ _u _o _ɔ> /x˩/
/p/>/f/
/t/_y _ø _œ>/p/
/k/_y _ø _œ>/kʷ/
/s/_y _ø _œ>/f/
/y/>i
/ø/>e
/œ/>ɛ
/_p/>k
/_m/>/_n
/e/>/e:/
/ɛ/>/e/
/o/>/o:/
/ɔ/>o
/ŋ/_>/w/
/x/>/h/
/e:˧/>e˩˥
/e:˥/>/e˩˥/
/e:˩/>/e˧˩/
/o:˧/>o˩˥
/o:˥/>/o˩˥/
/o:˩/>/o˧˩/
/w/>/ʋ/

/p t k kʷ/ <p t k q>
/f s h/ <f s h>
/m n ŋ/<m n ng>
/l j ʋ/<l y v>

/i u e o a/<i u e o a>
/˥ ˧ ˩ ˩˥ ˧˩/ <V́ V V̀ V̌ V̂/

Permitted finals:
/t k n ŋ/
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

Post by Shemtov »

Back to comparing Proto-ɣø with Chuhng Tóh-nin Yō, before I talk about the grammar of Pít Tòk-nin Hê:

To say that two verbs were or are being done by the same person you simply string them together, like so:
zä˥ dœm˧ gœm˧ bøng˧ sut˥ kym˥ nɔ˥
"Meat was being cut and eaten by that governor."

Lōn nin chohm-nin ve chohm poohng sú-pu chūm-pu nō
"Meat was being cut and eaten by three governors"
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Re: ɣø languages megathread

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The noun phrase of Pít Tòk-nin Hê:
The pronouns have three persons, and they are:
Hè- 1P
Ní- 2P
Tì-3P

these can be pluralized with the suffix Ngót

Hèngót
"we"

Nouns can be pluralized with reduplication:
Ík
"House"

Ík ík
"Houses"

Tì is used as a 3P pronoun only with people, otherwise the demonstratives are used. They are:
Proximal: Sa
Medio-distal: Heng
Distal: Hengngě

Numbers 1-10
1. Sék
2. Mi
3. Lǒn
4. ngung
5. Tìn
6. men
7. Hàk
8. hon
9. Kêt
10. Sin


They require measure words to be placed between them and the noun:
Examples:
Nin: persons
hón: Natural features
Ngík: long things, like rivers, feathers, snakes and centipedes
mít: Man-made objects
Fi-food Items

Examples:
Lǒn nin tèn
"Three Governors"

Sin mít ík
"Ten houses"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
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