Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
- DesEsseintes
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Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Sōkoan Revisited - A Scratchpad
Welcome to my new Sōkoan Scratchpad! Herein I am going to be posting some stuff on a conlang I worked on around 4 or 5 years ago and have recently revived.
Sōko... wha?
Sōkoan was my first proper attempt at conlanging, and the main influences were Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Sanskrit and Mandarin Chinese. For quite a while, it was the conlang as far as I was concerned, which paralysed me because I could not make permanent decisions. Although I have now rejected many of my original ideas about the language, especially as regards the phonology, the overall conception, typology and "feel" of the language remain pretty consistent with what I initially set out to do. Now that Híí is the conlang*, I'm hoping I'll be able to develop Sōkoan without losing sleep at night.
(*and therefore permanently stuck in limbo...)
Sōkoan is a highly agglutinative, topic-prominent, strictly SOV language that would feel very well at home in the Northeast Asian sprachbund, perhaps somewhere midway between Korean-Japonic and the Tungusic languages.
I don't really care much for alt-history and such, but I guess I would place my Sōkoan archipelago somewhere to the east of Hokkaido, far enough to make it pretty isolated, but not too far to make a migration of people into the archipelago via Korea and Japan implausible. Disclaimer: I have no particular interest in discussing or pursuing further this aspect of Sōkoan.
In the next post, I'll start a little outline of the language itself.
Welcome to my new Sōkoan Scratchpad! Herein I am going to be posting some stuff on a conlang I worked on around 4 or 5 years ago and have recently revived.
Sōko... wha?
Sōkoan was my first proper attempt at conlanging, and the main influences were Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Sanskrit and Mandarin Chinese. For quite a while, it was the conlang as far as I was concerned, which paralysed me because I could not make permanent decisions. Although I have now rejected many of my original ideas about the language, especially as regards the phonology, the overall conception, typology and "feel" of the language remain pretty consistent with what I initially set out to do. Now that Híí is the conlang*, I'm hoping I'll be able to develop Sōkoan without losing sleep at night.
(*and therefore permanently stuck in limbo...)
Sōkoan is a highly agglutinative, topic-prominent, strictly SOV language that would feel very well at home in the Northeast Asian sprachbund, perhaps somewhere midway between Korean-Japonic and the Tungusic languages.
I don't really care much for alt-history and such, but I guess I would place my Sōkoan archipelago somewhere to the east of Hokkaido, far enough to make it pretty isolated, but not too far to make a migration of people into the archipelago via Korea and Japan implausible. Disclaimer: I have no particular interest in discussing or pursuing further this aspect of Sōkoan.
In the next post, I'll start a little outline of the language itself.
- DesEsseintes
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Sōkoan Phonology
Bits of this revised phonology have been posted here and there on the forum in the last few months, but here I'm bringing it all together.
The Consonants
Sōkoan used to have non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, as well as emphatically aspirated affricates at all PoAs. At times there were also laterals and prestopped nasals. All of these have been removed.
/m n (ŋ)/ m n ġ
/p t t͡s t͡ʂ k/ p t c ċ k
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ g/ b d z ż g
/ɸ s ʂ x~h/ f s ṡ h
/β~β̞ ɾ ɣ~ɰ/ v r ġ
- voiceless stops tend to be aspirated in word-initial position
- /ɸ/ only occurs morpheme-initially
- /x~h/ only occurs morpheme-initially except for a limited set of words with intervocalic geminate /xː/; the [h] realisation is a feature of cultivated speech registers
- The following consonant segments can be geminated: the nasals, voiceless stops and affricates (but /pː kː/ are rare), voiceless fricatives (except for /ɸ/), /g/ and /β/
Contrary to the consonant inventory, the vowel inventory has grown since my original conception.
/o ɑ a ɛ e/ o ŏ a ă e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ ı
Here, have two tables!
As the tables indicate, Sōkoan vowels distinguish four to five degrees of backness, where rounding patterns as an extra degree of backness. Backness is a major factor in Sōkoan vowel harmony.
Height is also important, and in Sōkoan phonology, the vowels are grouped according to height as follows:
High: u ŭ ĭ ı
Mid: o e
Low: ŏ a ă
The following diphthongs are attested so far:
/oʊ̯ oɪ̯ aɪ̯ eɪ̯/ ou oı aı eı
/uʏ̯ ɯɪ̯ ɨɪ̯/ uı ŭı ĭı
Phonotactics
Sōkoan syllable structure tends to be fairly simple, with a preference for CV(C) syllables. Zero onset is permitted word-initially. Closed syllables typically end in a nasal or the first element of a geminate consonant. Word-finally, the number of permissible codas is somewhat greater: any of m n t v r ġ may end a word.
Vowel length is contrastive in the initial syllable of a morpheme. Long vowels are indicated by writing the vowel twice.
My next post will be on vowel harmony. In the meantime, here are some sample Sōkoan words:
ătĭımmıra
bŏnaınga
ċŭrŭvvı
gŭŭma
naı - eye
nara - 1. face; 2. day
nıırĭrĭvo
Bits of this revised phonology have been posted here and there on the forum in the last few months, but here I'm bringing it all together.
The Consonants
Sōkoan used to have non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, as well as emphatically aspirated affricates at all PoAs. At times there were also laterals and prestopped nasals. All of these have been removed.
/m n (ŋ)/ m n ġ
/p t t͡s t͡ʂ k/ p t c ċ k
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ g/ b d z ż g
/ɸ s ʂ x~h/ f s ṡ h
/β~β̞ ɾ ɣ~ɰ/ v r ġ
- voiceless stops tend to be aspirated in word-initial position
- /ɸ/ only occurs morpheme-initially
- /x~h/ only occurs morpheme-initially except for a limited set of words with intervocalic geminate /xː/; the [h] realisation is a feature of cultivated speech registers
- The following consonant segments can be geminated: the nasals, voiceless stops and affricates (but /pː kː/ are rare), voiceless fricatives (except for /ɸ/), /g/ and /β/
Edit: The consonant inventory expanded after this initial post. See here for the updated inventory.
The Vowels Contrary to the consonant inventory, the vowel inventory has grown since my original conception.
/o ɑ a ɛ e/ o ŏ a ă e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ ı
Here, have two tables!
Code: Select all
← back front →
o ɑ a ɛ e
u ɯ ɨ i
Code: Select all
← front back →
i ɨ ɯ u
e o
ɛ
a ɑ
Height is also important, and in Sōkoan phonology, the vowels are grouped according to height as follows:
High: u ŭ ĭ ı
Mid: o e
Low: ŏ a ă
The following diphthongs are attested so far:
/oʊ̯ oɪ̯ aɪ̯ eɪ̯/ ou oı aı eı
/uʏ̯ ɯɪ̯ ɨɪ̯/ uı ŭı ĭı
Phonotactics
Sōkoan syllable structure tends to be fairly simple, with a preference for CV(C) syllables. Zero onset is permitted word-initially. Closed syllables typically end in a nasal or the first element of a geminate consonant. Word-finally, the number of permissible codas is somewhat greater: any of m n t v r ġ may end a word.
Vowel length is contrastive in the initial syllable of a morpheme. Long vowels are indicated by writing the vowel twice.
My next post will be on vowel harmony. In the meantime, here are some sample Sōkoan words:
ătĭımmıra
bŏnaınga
ċŭrŭvvı
gŭŭma
naı - eye
nara - 1. face; 2. day
nıırĭrĭvo
Last edited by DesEsseintes on 24 Jul 2017 08:40, edited 1 time in total.
Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Ah, Sōkoan. Pitter-pat, pitter-pat.
☯ 道可道,非常道
☯ 名可名,非常名
☯ 名可名,非常名
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Pitter-pat?Lao Kou wrote:Ah, Sōkoan. Pitter-pat, pitter-pat.
Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Heartbeats. Always had a soft spot for Sōkoan.
☯ 道可道,非常道
☯ 名可名,非常名
☯ 名可名,非常名
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Lao Kou wrote:Heartbeats. Always had a soft spot for Sōkoan.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Sōkoan Vowel Harmony
Here are some topics on vowel distributions and harmony in Sōkoan.
Merging of Unstressed Low Vowels
The low vowels ŏ a ă merge in non-initial syllables into a unless the immediately preceding syllable is the initial syllable and contains a vowel of the same quality. Therefore these forms are permissible:
nănă
ŏssŏ
Whereas nănŏ wouldn't be, as the unstressed ŏ would shift to a.
A similar principle applies to the vowel o. o normally does not occur in non-initial syllables unless the first syllable is also o. Therefore ono ona are valid morpheme forms, while ano is not.
High-Vowel Harmony
A high vowel normally agrees in backness with a preceding vowel within the same morpheme. This harmony is therefore progressive. Some typical examples include words such as oggu nŏŏċŭrŭv bĭmĭ gımıne.
Many suffixes are subject to this harmony.
Note, however, that there are exceptions. There is a 'strong /i/' phoneme that resists harmony. It is found in many suffixes, such as the common noun ending -ı. It forms a diphthong with a preceding vowel as follows:
u ŭ ĭ ı + ı → uı ŭı ĭı ıı
o ŏ a ă e + ı → oı aı aı eı eı
An example of this in action is the root nŏ - eye which forms the noun naı. The form nŏ is still found in many compounds, such as nŏzıtte - eyelid.
Strong /i/ following a consonant is also very common and is a part of many suffixes. One such is the suffix -vvı, which was seen in the preceding post in the word ċŭrŭvvı.
To be continued... Questions, comments, etc. are - of course - welcome.
Here are some topics on vowel distributions and harmony in Sōkoan.
Merging of Unstressed Low Vowels
The low vowels ŏ a ă merge in non-initial syllables into a unless the immediately preceding syllable is the initial syllable and contains a vowel of the same quality. Therefore these forms are permissible:
nănă
ŏssŏ
Whereas nănŏ wouldn't be, as the unstressed ŏ would shift to a.
A similar principle applies to the vowel o. o normally does not occur in non-initial syllables unless the first syllable is also o. Therefore ono ona are valid morpheme forms, while ano is not.
High-Vowel Harmony
A high vowel normally agrees in backness with a preceding vowel within the same morpheme. This harmony is therefore progressive. Some typical examples include words such as oggu nŏŏċŭrŭv bĭmĭ gımıne.
Many suffixes are subject to this harmony.
Note, however, that there are exceptions. There is a 'strong /i/' phoneme that resists harmony. It is found in many suffixes, such as the common noun ending -ı. It forms a diphthong with a preceding vowel as follows:
u ŭ ĭ ı + ı → uı ŭı ĭı ıı
o ŏ a ă e + ı → oı aı aı eı eı
An example of this in action is the root nŏ - eye which forms the noun naı. The form nŏ is still found in many compounds, such as nŏzıtte - eyelid.
Strong /i/ following a consonant is also very common and is a part of many suffixes. One such is the suffix -vvı, which was seen in the preceding post in the word ċŭrŭvvı.
To be continued... Questions, comments, etc. are - of course - welcome.
Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Would you say this language is a... Snōkoan?
- DesEsseintes
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Vănĭlla flavour?Micamo wrote:Would you say this language is a... Snōkoan?
I'm considering adding /j/ y to the phonology. This phoneme would only occur morpheme-initially and would give me words like yŭŭ.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Only got this on a second look Good one mic!DesEsseintes wrote:Vănĭlla flavour?Micamo wrote:Would you say this language is a... Snōkoan?
I say maybe yes, although perhaps it could appear-word internally as an allophone of <ġ>, maybe in front-harmony words?I'm considering adding /j/ y to the phonology. This phoneme would only occur morpheme-initially and would give me words like yŭŭ.
Also, could I make a small phonetic suggestion, that you change /ɨ/ to /ʉ/? Because it just feels a bit cramped to have both /ɨ/ and /ɯ/, and also fits better with the rounded /ʉ/ alternating with the also rounded /u/ in the vowel harmony.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Yes! Please do! I love suggestions.Frislander wrote:could I make a small [...] suggestion
I'm definitely using y and I'll be posting an update to the phonology soonish to reflect this and other changes. However, y will not pattern as an allophone of ġ because it does not occur before front vowels at all. ġ does occur before front vowels.I say maybe yes, although perhaps it could appear-word internally as an allophone of <ġ>, maybe in front-harmony words?I'm considering adding /j/ y to the phonology. This phoneme would only occur morpheme-initially and would give me words like yŭŭ.
The contrast between /ɨ/ and /ɯ/ is one of my favourite things about Sōkoan and I don't want rounding to be a pervasive feature, so I won't be changing /ɨ/ to /ʉ/. A quick search on SAPhon suggests /i ɨ ɯ/ are distinct in several South American languages, although none distinguish /u/ as well. Regardless of attestation, I'm keeping this feature.Also, could I make a small phonetic suggestion, that you change /ɨ/ to /ʉ/? Because it just feels a bit cramped to have both /ɨ/ and /ɯ/, and also fits better with the rounded /ʉ/ alternating with the also rounded /u/ in the vowel harmony.
Spoiler:
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Phonology Update
I'm expanding the inventory to the following:
/m n (ŋ)/ m n ġ
/p t t͡s t͡ʂ k/ p t c ċ k
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ g/ b d z ż g
/tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ/ tġ cs ċṡ
/ɸ s ʂ x~h/ f s ṡ h
/β~β̞ ɾ ɣ~ɰ/ v r ġ
/j/ y
/o ɑ a ɛ e/ o ŏ a ă e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ ı
/oʊ̯ oɪ̯ aɪ̯ eɪ̯/ ou oı aı eı
/uʏ̯ ɯɪ̯ ɨɪ̯/ uı ŭı ĭı
So what has changed?
Firstly, I've added the glide y. It only occurs morpheme-initially. It does not occur before a front vowel, as ye yı merged with e ı at an earlier stage.
Secondly, I've added the aspirated alveolar stops and affricates tġ cs ċṡ, which are pronounced with strong aspiration and are always geminate when they occur intervocalically or as the second part of a cluster.
I'm expanding the inventory to the following:
/m n (ŋ)/ m n ġ
/p t t͡s t͡ʂ k/ p t c ċ k
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ g/ b d z ż g
/tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ/ tġ cs ċṡ
/ɸ s ʂ x~h/ f s ṡ h
/β~β̞ ɾ ɣ~ɰ/ v r ġ
/j/ y
/o ɑ a ɛ e/ o ŏ a ă e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ ı
/oʊ̯ oɪ̯ aɪ̯ eɪ̯/ ou oı aı eı
/uʏ̯ ɯɪ̯ ɨɪ̯/ uı ŭı ĭı
So what has changed?
Firstly, I've added the glide y. It only occurs morpheme-initially. It does not occur before a front vowel, as ye yı merged with e ı at an earlier stage.
Secondly, I've added the aspirated alveolar stops and affricates tġ cs ċṡ, which are pronounced with strong aspiration and are always geminate when they occur intervocalically or as the second part of a cluster.
Last edited by DesEsseintes on 23 Jul 2017 07:22, edited 1 time in total.
Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
the aspiration is, least to say, interesting. I think I like the aspirate orthography.DesEsseintes wrote:Phonology Update
I'm expanding the inventory to the following:
/m n (ŋ)/ m n ġ
/p t t͡s t͡ʂ k/ p t c ċ k
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ g/ b d z ż g
/tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ/ tġ cs ċṡ
/ɸ s ʂ x~h/ f s ṡ h
/β~β̞ ɾ ɣ~ɰ/ v r ġ
/j/ y
So what has changed?
Firstly, I've added the glide y. It only occurs morpheme-initially. It does not occur before a front vowel, as ye yı merged with e ı at an earlier stage.
Secondly, I've added the aspirated alveolar stops and affricates tġ cs ċṡ, which are pronounced with strong aspiration and are always geminate when they occur intervocalically or as the second part of a cluster.
Edit: is this one of those fancy vowel-less inventories?
Spoiler:
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Oops. Let's fix that.qwed117 wrote:Edit: is this one of those fancy vowel-less inventories?
Edit: Edited in the vowels and diphthongs. The inventory looks so big now, even though it isn't really that big: 24 consonants, 9 monophthongs, and 7 diphthongs.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Yay, a Sōkoan thread! I've literally been looking forward to this for years!
Looking forward to seeing more whenever it's ready!
Hmm, I know this feeling all too well.DesEsseintes wrote:For quite a while, it was the conlang as far as I was concerned, which paralysed me because I could not make permanent decisions.
[…]
Now that Híí is the conlang*, I'm hoping I'll be able to develop Sōkoan without losing sleep at night.
(*and therefore permanently stuck in limbo...)
Lots of good stuff going on with the phonology and orthography, as expected from an Esseintial language.DesEsseintes wrote:Bits of this revised phonology have been posted here and there on the forum in the last few months, but here I'm bringing it all together.
Looking forward to seeing more whenever it's ready!
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Yay, shimofeedback!
Here's a snippet about Sōkoan:
So I've added y as outlined above, and I already mentioned how ă + ı → eı. Now, since y elides before front vowels, this happens: yă + ı → eı. So that's a neat little merger, and makes me quite determined to have yă(ă) be a common auxiliary verb or copula with many forms in eı-. These little things make me happy.
Awwshimobaatar wrote:Yay, a Sōkoan thread! I've literally been looking forward to this for years!
Here's a snippet about Sōkoan:
So I've added y as outlined above, and I already mentioned how ă + ı → eı. Now, since y elides before front vowels, this happens: yă + ı → eı. So that's a neat little merger, and makes me quite determined to have yă(ă) be a common auxiliary verb or copula with many forms in eı-. These little things make me happy.
Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
I really like the look of Sōkoan, I have always had a soft spot for Korean-Japonic languages, and some of their features usually end up in my conlangs. I think you managed to capture this aesthetic very nicely while maintaining a very unique feeling to the language. I think adding /j/ is a good addition, I love words like yŭŭ and yǎǎ.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
An Update
The Sōkoan phonology currently looks like this:
/m n/ m n
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ/ p t c ċ ch k
/p͈ t͈ t͈s t͈ʂ d͡ʑː gː/ pp tt cc ċċ jj gg
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ d͡ʑ g/ b d z ż j g
/ɸʰ sʰ ʂʰ ɕʰ xʰ~h/ f s ṡ sh h
/ɸ s ʂ ɕ/ ff ss ṡṡ ssh
/β~β̞ ɾ j ɣ~ɰ/ w r y ġ
/o ɑ a æ e/ o ŏ a æ e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ i
/βa βæ βe βi/ wa wæ we wi
In the following description, the term occlusive refers to oral stops and affricates, but not to nasal stops.
Sōkoan occlusives display a three-way contrast between aspirated, tense, and voiced stops and affricates.
* Aspirated occlusives are lax and strongly aspirated (especially in initial position). The stops /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ can at times affricatise to [p͡ɸ t͡θ k͡x].
* Tense occlusives vary considerably in their realisation, but they are held longer and have a more tense articulation than other occlusives. Voicing varies: Labial, alveolar, and retroflex tense occlusives are normally unvoiced, while alveolopalatal and velar tense occlusives are generally voiced. This is reflected in the romanisation.
* Voiced occlusives are lax and are fully voiced, like the voiced occlusives in Japanese.
Sōkoan fricatives display a two-way contrast between aspirated and tense. The approximants can be thought of as their voiced counterparts, and indeed, the labial and velar approximants are often realised as voiced fricatives.
* The tense labial fricative ff can be labiodental for some speakers. This is nevertheless considered non-standard.
wa wæ we wi are complex nuclei that are characterised by labialisation of the onset consonant. Labialisation is characterised by spread lips, and no rounding occurs. I therefore use /β/ to denote the labialisation. There are no other diphthongs.
The Sōkoan phonology currently looks like this:
/m n/ m n
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ/ p t c ċ ch k
/p͈ t͈ t͈s t͈ʂ d͡ʑː gː/ pp tt cc ċċ jj gg
/b d d͡z d͡ʐ d͡ʑ g/ b d z ż j g
/ɸʰ sʰ ʂʰ ɕʰ xʰ~h/ f s ṡ sh h
/ɸ s ʂ ɕ/ ff ss ṡṡ ssh
/β~β̞ ɾ j ɣ~ɰ/ w r y ġ
/o ɑ a æ e/ o ŏ a æ e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ i
/βa βæ βe βi/ wa wæ we wi
In the following description, the term occlusive refers to oral stops and affricates, but not to nasal stops.
Sōkoan occlusives display a three-way contrast between aspirated, tense, and voiced stops and affricates.
* Aspirated occlusives are lax and strongly aspirated (especially in initial position). The stops /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ can at times affricatise to [p͡ɸ t͡θ k͡x].
* Tense occlusives vary considerably in their realisation, but they are held longer and have a more tense articulation than other occlusives. Voicing varies: Labial, alveolar, and retroflex tense occlusives are normally unvoiced, while alveolopalatal and velar tense occlusives are generally voiced. This is reflected in the romanisation.
* Voiced occlusives are lax and are fully voiced, like the voiced occlusives in Japanese.
Sōkoan fricatives display a two-way contrast between aspirated and tense. The approximants can be thought of as their voiced counterparts, and indeed, the labial and velar approximants are often realised as voiced fricatives.
* The tense labial fricative ff can be labiodental for some speakers. This is nevertheless considered non-standard.
wa wæ we wi are complex nuclei that are characterised by labialisation of the onset consonant. Labialisation is characterised by spread lips, and no rounding occurs. I therefore use /β/ to denote the labialisation. There are no other diphthongs.
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Re: Sōkoan Revisited - Esseintial Scratchings
Putting this here; will format later.
/m n/ m n
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ/ p t c ch k
/p͈ t͈ t͈s d͡ʑː gː/ pp tt cc jj gg
/b d d͡z d͡ʑ g/ b d z j g
/ɸʰ sʰ ɕʰ xʰ~h/ f s sh h
/ɸ s ɕ/ ff ss ssh
/β~β̞ ɾ j ɣ~ɰ/ w r y ġ
/ɑ a/ ŏ a
/o ɤ ɛ̠ e/ o ĕ æ e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ i
/m n/ m n
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ/ p t c ch k
/p͈ t͈ t͈s d͡ʑː gː/ pp tt cc jj gg
/b d d͡z d͡ʑ g/ b d z j g
/ɸʰ sʰ ɕʰ xʰ~h/ f s sh h
/ɸ s ɕ/ ff ss ssh
/β~β̞ ɾ j ɣ~ɰ/ w r y ġ
/ɑ a/ ŏ a
/o ɤ ɛ̠ e/ o ĕ æ e
/u ɯ ɨ i/ u ŭ ĭ i