Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

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Shemtov
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Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

Post by Shemtov »

This is a dialect of a dialect continuum that spans the northernmost parts of Fuhe. I have to represent it with the Southeast dialect, as it is the only one directly under Fuhenese control. It is spoken in Boreal Forests in the Northeast corner of the continent of Fuhe. There are dialects spoken by Tundra-dwellers.
Proto-Lumubuhudåg was related to Fuheko, but was influenced by substrate language that used to be spoken by the language's speakers, but a dialect of Fuhaic was adopted due to political pressure/intermarraige. I label this substrate language "Idägian" after the Lumubuhudåg word for language "Idäg", which comes from said language, as opposed to Proto-Fuhaic *kʰo.

Phonology:
/p b t d ts dz k g/ <p b t d c z̟ k g>
/ θ ð s z h/ <th dh s z h>
/m m: n n: / <m mm n nn >
/j ʋ/ <y v>
/l/ <l>


/i y u ɯ/ <i ü u ǔ>
/e ø ɘ o/ <e ö ě o>
/œ ɔ/ <ȍ å>
/æ ɑ/ <ä a>

It has Front and Rounding harmony, with /ɘ/ being the unrounded back vowel for the mid-vowels, and /œ ɔ/ being the rounded version of /æ ɑ/.
Phonotactics:
(C)V(C)
Phonological processes:
Unvoiced stops and fricatives are voiced intervocally. The voiced-unvoiced distinction is only phonemic at the end of words. Certain suffixes cause consonant gradation, that is, the following changes take place at the final consonant:
b>ʋ
p>h
t>θ
d>ð
t͡s>s
dz>z
k>h
g>∅
ɾ>l

There are also suffixes that have an echo vowel if the stem ends in a consonant, meaning the last stem vowel is echoed before the suffix.

Nouns:
Southeast Lumubuhudåg nouns have eight cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Locative, Lative, Ablative, and Instrumental, and two numbers, singular and plural.

Example Noun: Iz̟ /idz/ "Shaman"

Singular:
Nominative: Iz̟
Accusative: Izik
Genitive: Izini
Dative: Izi
Locative: Iz̟inni
Lative: Iz̟ide
Ablative: Iz̟ihe
Instrumental: Iz̟ini

Plural:
Nominative: Iz̟it
Accusative: Izid
Genitive: Iz̟id
Dative: Izil
Locative: Iz̟in
Lative: Iz̟ide
Ablative: Iz̟is
Instrumental: Izigin
Last edited by Shemtov on 10 Sep 2017 23:51, edited 1 time in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

Post by Shemtov »

Shemtov wrote: Phonological processes:
Unvoiced stops and fricatives are voiced intervocally. The voiced-unvoiced distinction is only phonemic at the end of words.
I've decided to change this. Unvoiced stops and africates do occur intervocally. However, Voiced stops and africates do not occur word-initially.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

Post by Shemtov »

Nouns ending in vowels like Hudo "Man" inflect the same way as nouns ending in a consonant, just without the echo vowel, with one exception: The singular dative ending for such nouns is -h. So inflection of Hudo:
Nominative: Hudo
Accusative: Hudhok
Genitive: Hudhonu
Dative: Hudhoh
Locative: Hudonnu
Lative: Hudodo
Ablative: Hudoho
Instrumental: Hudoni

Plural:
Nominative: Hudot
Accusative: Hudhot
Genitive: Hudhod
Dative: Hudhol
Locative: Hudon
Lative: Hudode
Ablative: Hudos
Instrumental: Hudogun
Last edited by Shemtov on 08 Sep 2017 04:56, edited 2 times in total.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

Post by Shemtov »

Lumubuhudåg Indicative Verbs:
In Lumubuhudåg, verbs have two tenses, Non-Past, three persons, and three numbers, singular, dual, and plural, though the dual is only used for humans, spirits, or to humanize animals (Though given Lumubu mythology, the last two categories may be considered the same).

Verb declension: Sini "To kill"
Non-Past tense:
1P Sing: Sininni
1P Dual: Siniye
1P Plr: Sinimme
2P sing: Sinide
2P Dual: Sinibet
2P Plural: Sinite
3P Sing: Sini
3P dual: Sinib
3p plr: Siniv

Past Tense:
1P Sing: Sinizini
1P Dual: Sinizime
1P Plr: Sinizime
2P sing: Sinizile
2P Dual: Sinizibe
2P Plural: Sinizire
3P Sing: Sinizi
3P dual: Sinizig
3p plr: Siniziv

Example sentences:
Iz̟ nåvulok lumunni sini
Iz̟ nåvulo-k lumu-nni sini
shaman woman-ACC.SING snow-LOC kill
"The shaman killed the woman in the snow [ie. on snowy ground]

Nåvulod sinizile
Nåvulo-d sini-zile
woman-ACC.PLR kill-PST.2P.SING
"You have killed women"

Lumubuhudåg also has possesive suffixes that can be added to singular nominative nouns:
Example noun: Suzu "Dog":
1P Sing: Suzum
1P Dual: Suzumån
1P Plr: Suzumok
2P sing: Suzur
2P Dual: Suzudån
2P Plural: Suzudok
3P Sing: Suzuso
3P dual: Suzuson
3P plr: Suzusok
3p plr: Siniv


Suzur nåvulod sinizi
Suzu-r nåvulo-d sini-zi
dog-2P.SING woman-ACC.PLR kill-3P.SING.PST
"Your dog has killed women"


NB: It is of note that "The violence against women" theme reflects Lumubuhudåg culture, where killing women is considered to be a terrible crime (There is a Lumubuhudåg proverb: "One who kills one woman has more evil in him then one who massacred a hundred men"), so to say that somebody "Kills women" "Kills a woman" or "Killed women" is a general insult, much like saying "Fuck that guy" in English, so it is not to be taken literally.
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

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Adjectives inflect for the case of the noun they describe, in Attributive constructions:
Example Verb "Soto" "small"
Singular:

Nominative: Soto
Accusative: Sodogu
Genitive: Sodonnu
Dative: Sotoh
Locative: Sotonnu
Lative: Sotodo
Ablative: Sotoho
Instrumental: Sotoni



Plural:
Nominative: Sotot
Accusative: Sodod
Genitive: Sotod
Dative: Sotol
Locative: Soton
Lative: Sotodo
Ablative: Sotos
Instrumental: Sotogun

That is how Adjectives ending in vowel decline. Adjectives ending in consonants decline this way:
Example:
Muzud "Black":
Nominative: Muzud
Accusative: Muzudhugu
Genitive: Muzudhunnu
Dative: Muzudu
Locative: Muzudunnu
Lative: Muzududo
Ablative: Muzuduho
Instrumental: Muzudunu



Plural:
Nominative: Muzudut
Accusative: Muzudhud
Genitive: Muzudud
Dative: Muzudul
Locative: Muzudun
Lative: Muzududo
Ablative: Muzudus
Instrumental: Muzudugun

Example sentences:

Muzud suzur nåvulod sinizi
Muzud suzu-r nåvulo-d sini-zi
Black dog-2P.SING woman-ACC.PLR kill-3P.SING.PST
"Your black dog has killed women"

Iz̟ sotogu nåvulok lumunni sini
Iz̟ soto-gu nåvulo-k lumu-nni sini
shaman small-ACC woman-ACC.SING snow-LOC kill
"The shaman killed the small woman in the snow [ie. on snowy ground]
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

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Lumubuhudåg has two main verbs that are irregular: The Copula and the Existensial. This terminology is a bit misleading, as both verbs can be used as a copula, but in different contexts, but I will first post the conjugations of each before discussing their uses.

Copula:
The Copula is conjugated like a regular verb, yet has suppletion in its root, being either <o> <ol> or <öl>:
1P Sing: Olonnu
1P Dual: Oloyo
1P Plr: Olommo
2P sing: Olodo
2P Dual: Olobot
2P Plural: Oloto
3P Sing: O
3P dual: Ob
3p plr: Ov

Past Tense:
1P Sing: Oluzunu
1P Dual: Oluzumo
1P Plr: Oluzumo
2P sing: Olozulo
2P Dual: Olozubo
2P Plural: Olozuro
3P Sing: Özü
3P dual: Özüg
3p plr: Özüv

The existensial:
The existensial also is conjugated like a regular verb, yet has suppletion in its root, being either <Tezi> or <Tä>:
1P Sing: Tezinni
1P Dual: Teziye
1P Plr: Tezimme
2P sing: Täde
2P Dual: Täbet
2P Plural: Täte
3P Sing: Tä
3P dual: Täb
3p plr: Täv

Past Tense:
1P Sing: Tezizini
1P Dual: Tezizime
1P Plr: Tezizime
2P sing: Täzile
2P Dual: Täzibe
2P Plural: Täzire
3P Sing: Täzi
3P dual: Täzig
3p plr: Täziv

Use:
The main difference between the Copula and the Existensial is that the Copula is used for copula of speicies; ie. inherent qualities, while the Existensial is used for gained qualities.

Examples:
Pu olonnu
"I am a person"

Iz̟ Tezinni
"I am a shaman"

Kȍmü o
"It is a bear"

Tü kȍmü tä
"It is a big bear"
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

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The Moods:
There are seven non-indicative moods, which come from the substrate language. They come between the verb stem and the person/number/tense suffix. I will show these suffixes using the back unrounded vowels, as the verb I will be using is Kěmě-

Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměyammě
"Let us grap the dog's tail"

2. The Conjunctive: -yǔ. Used as a gentle imperative. Can be translated as "Please":
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměyǔdě
"Please grasp the dog's tail"

3. The Necessitative or the Jussive: -bǔzǔ. Used as a forceful imperative:
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměbǔzǔdě
"You shall grasp the dog's tail!"

4. The Interrogative: -sa. Used to ask questions:
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměsazǔ
"Did he or she grasp the dog's tail?"

5. The Probabilitive: -nagǔ. Used to express that while the speaker doesn't know for sure if an event happened s/he is convinced it did.
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměnagǔzi
"S/he may have grasped the dogs tail"

6. The Approximative: -rěga. "It seems that..." More vague to the truth value then the Probabilative.
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměrěga
"It seems s/he is grasping the dog's tail"

7. The Superprobalative -kěba. A stronger Probabilative. Can be translated as "Must have" or Must be"
Suzunu thürüzüdhök kěměkěba
"S/he must be grasping the dog's tail"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Southeast Lumubuhudåg scratchpad

Post by Shemtov »

Valency operations:
Southeast Lumubuhudåg has a complex system of valency changing operations. The first we're going to look at is verbalazation.

Verbalazation:
Most nouns can be transformed into verbs by adding the suffix -nO, however, a minority take the suffix -(A)z; The difference is whether it is a verb that happens once, or if it is a constantly reccuring verb; this is productive in some Western Dialects- however Southeast Lumubuhudåg has lost the productivity of the alternation between these two suffixes.
Examples:
Az "Morning" Azně "To dawn"
Uzu püv azně
new day dawn
"A new day is dawning"

Sö "Unsettled lands" Sönö "To go to unsettled lands"

Sönözünü
"I went to unsettled lands"

Cum "Wife" Cumno "To get married"

Äme "Rain" Ämez "To rain"

Reflexive verbs:
The reflexive suffix -yU is placed before the tense/person marker
Sini "To kill" Siniyi "To commit suicide"
Siniyikebäziv
"They must have commited suicide"

The Causative:
The simple Causative is -rO. This implies persuasion or guile; or in the case of non-human causees, setting up the circumstances that caused them to do the action. The causee is in the accusative, while if the verb is transitive the object acted upon by the causee is in the dative:
Suzuk nåvulol sinirezile
"You have caused a dog to kill a woman"

The intensive causitive is -yAr, which implies force, especially in a life or death situation; when refering to non-humans, often means "To train to; To set upon to do the act of". As with -rO, he causee is in the accusative, while if the verb is transitive the object acted upon by the causee is in the dative:
Suzuk nåvulol siniyärzile
"You have forced a dog to kill a woman"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
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