Grammuary 2018
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- mongolian
- Posts: 3884
- Joined: 14 Aug 2010 09:36
- Location: California über alles
Grammuary 2018
After Lexember, it's Grammuary!
The goal is to come up with one new grammar rule for each of the 31 days in January. If you miss a day, get caught up with two bits of grammar the next day! It's also OK to come up with more than one grammar rule in advance on one day and then skip the next day or next few days.
As of December 31, 2017, my Kankonian grammar at http://khemehekis.angelfire.com/basic.htm ran to 133 pages and took up 42,965 words to write. Let's see how much our grammars have expanded by the end of Grammuary!
The goal is to come up with one new grammar rule for each of the 31 days in January. If you miss a day, get caught up with two bits of grammar the next day! It's also OK to come up with more than one grammar rule in advance on one day and then skip the next day or next few days.
As of December 31, 2017, my Kankonian grammar at http://khemehekis.angelfire.com/basic.htm ran to 133 pages and took up 42,965 words to write. Let's see how much our grammars have expanded by the end of Grammuary!
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
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- mongolian
- Posts: 3884
- Joined: 14 Aug 2010 09:36
- Location: California über alles
Re: Grammuary 2018
January 1
The future tense is used with "lidye" (until) when it refers to a point that is still in the future:
Dzena rotuos va adat lidye wan shuyesos torturkhazid.
Dzena keep-FUT VA run until 3s cross-FUT finish_line
Dzena will keep running until she crosses the finish line.
Is os sadamos lidye is wahazos rehin barud fuzwufi na is.
1s NEG go_to_bed-FUT until 1s be_able_to-FUT find hippopotamus stuffed of 1s
I won't go to bed until I can find my stuffed hippo.
The future tense is used with "lidye" (until) when it refers to a point that is still in the future:
Dzena rotuos va adat lidye wan shuyesos torturkhazid.
Dzena keep-FUT VA run until 3s cross-FUT finish_line
Dzena will keep running until she crosses the finish line.
Is os sadamos lidye is wahazos rehin barud fuzwufi na is.
1s NEG go_to_bed-FUT until 1s be_able_to-FUT find hippopotamus stuffed of 1s
I won't go to bed until I can find my stuffed hippo.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Grammuary 2018
This could be fun, although I doubt I'll end up doing all 31 days.
Full Reduplication
Since I heard that languages with partial reduplication are likely to also make use of full reduplication, I thought Qutrussan could do the same.
Reduplication of monosyllable or disyllable nouns indicates 'all' of something or a large group. Reduplication of monosyllables is the most common. Anything more than 2 syllables can't be reduplicated. Interestingly, reduplicated nouns take singular agreement.
par - a man
paru - the men
par-par - all the men
Par-par zúruvmi curuḥ.
All the men go to the mountains.
rua - fish
rua-rua - all the fish, a large group of fish
Haicalmiqqa rua-rua tsuná!
Look at all the fish in the lake!
Full Reduplication
Since I heard that languages with partial reduplication are likely to also make use of full reduplication, I thought Qutrussan could do the same.
Reduplication of monosyllable or disyllable nouns indicates 'all' of something or a large group. Reduplication of monosyllables is the most common. Anything more than 2 syllables can't be reduplicated. Interestingly, reduplicated nouns take singular agreement.
par - a man
paru - the men
par-par - all the men
Par-par zúruvmi curuḥ.
All the men go to the mountains.
rua - fish
rua-rua - all the fish, a large group of fish
Haicalmiqqa rua-rua tsuná!
Look at all the fish in the lake!
- gestaltist
- mayan
- Posts: 1617
- Joined: 11 Feb 2015 11:23
Re: Grammuary 2018
Alright, let’s do it.
Day 1: Nakarian will have polypersonal agreement with the main verb taking subject agreement and the participle taking object agreement.
Day 1: Nakarian will have polypersonal agreement with the main verb taking subject agreement and the participle taking object agreement.
Re: Grammuary 2018
I’m down. I need motivation to work on my new conlang. I’m really bad at a priori languages so hopefully this will help.
Day 1: Trińat (working name) will use nom-acc alignment for Animate nouns in classes I and II but Erg-Abs for class III animated and inanimates.
Day 1: Trińat (working name) will use nom-acc alignment for Animate nouns in classes I and II but Erg-Abs for class III animated and inanimates.
Re: Grammuary 2018
rá
a postposition/particle meaning 'from, for, because of' - can be used with nominalised verbs or subjunctive. Can be used with plain adjectives to mean 'because of being xxx'
Căn cúcŭr rá / cussurta rá
because you went
With the genitive, it means 'because of', usually in a negative sense:
Shăn rá yaḥ!
It's because of him!
When used with a locative case, it means 'from' as in from a certain place. This is usually limited to the names of towns and cities.
Ná Hitsalmirrim rá yan.
I am from Hitsalmirrim.
a postposition/particle meaning 'from, for, because of' - can be used with nominalised verbs or subjunctive. Can be used with plain adjectives to mean 'because of being xxx'
Căn cúcŭr rá / cussurta rá
because you went
With the genitive, it means 'because of', usually in a negative sense:
Shăn rá yaḥ!
It's because of him!
When used with a locative case, it means 'from' as in from a certain place. This is usually limited to the names of towns and cities.
Ná Hitsalmirrim rá yan.
I am from Hitsalmirrim.
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 2: Trińat has obligatory marking of natural gender for Class A-1 nouns. This takes the form of a thematic vowel added to the noun stem. The masculine thematic vowel is -e and the feminine thematic vowel is -u.
- gestaltist
- mayan
- Posts: 1617
- Joined: 11 Feb 2015 11:23
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 2 (and probably a few days after): I'm cleaning up my morphophonology rules. Posting them here would be too messy, but work is being done.
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- mongolian
- Posts: 3884
- Joined: 14 Aug 2010 09:36
- Location: California über alles
Re: Grammuary 2018
I like that attitude! (And your polypersonal agreement is cool too.)
January 2
Indirect quotes may use the "oyezizen dyu" type construction if "az" is placed at the beginning: [NOTE TO READERS WHO AREN'T KANKONIAN SPEAKERS: Oyezizen dyu means "was said by", while az means "that".]
Az wan hauess zos adod 150 dibas oyezizas dyu Liyandra.
that 3s know-PRS pi to 150 place-PL say-PSV-PRS by Liyandra
Liyandra says that she knows pi to 150 places.
Az Dark anas kababo emam emiyaizen dyu Namisha ad Tzayasha.
that Dark have-PRS nipple three-ORD tell-PSV-PST by Namisha to Tzayasha
Az Dark anas kababo emam emiyaizen ad Tzayasha dyu Namisha.
that Dark have-PRS nipple three-ORD tell-PSV-PST by Namisha to Tzayasha
Namisha told Tzayasha that Dark had a third nipple.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
- gestaltist
- mayan
- Posts: 1617
- Joined: 11 Feb 2015 11:23
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 3: revised the Morphophonology of Nakarian, consolidating the inconsistent ideas I had so far. I am pasting the whole thing under a spoiler in case anybody is interested but it's still somewhat messy and I can't be bothered to recreate the formatting, so read at your own risk. I will make a thread on the forum about this language in a month or two when I feel it is more complete. (I hope Grammuary will help me get to that stage.)
Spoiler:
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 3.
TL;DR possessive construction is also used when compounding would be used, but dependent is larger than a single noun. Also some numeral stuff.
TL;DR possessive construction is also used when compounding would be used, but dependent is larger than a single noun. Also some numeral stuff.
The creator of ŋarâþ crîþ v9.
Re: Grammuary 2018
I think i'll participate in this, though i need to catch up.
Day 1, i have decided basic pronouns in Lozkazmat agree with a verb when the verb is negated.
Day 2, Polar questions in Lozkazmat are formed by placing a question particle at the end of a phrase, an example.
Eup nezask naz leuzëmz, ön?
[əp nezask naz ləzømz, on]
that dog IPFV gift, QUESTION
The dog is a gift, no?
"Yes" answers are formed by doubling the question particle, while "no" is formed by placing any aspect after a verb.
Day 3, plural pronouns in Lozkazmat are formed by placing -p on any affirmative pronouns besides the epicene. The epicene singular is one and the same with the epicene plural.
Day 1, i have decided basic pronouns in Lozkazmat agree with a verb when the verb is negated.
Day 2, Polar questions in Lozkazmat are formed by placing a question particle at the end of a phrase, an example.
Eup nezask naz leuzëmz, ön?
[əp nezask naz ləzømz, on]
that dog IPFV gift, QUESTION
The dog is a gift, no?
"Yes" answers are formed by doubling the question particle, while "no" is formed by placing any aspect after a verb.
Day 3, plural pronouns in Lozkazmat are formed by placing -p on any affirmative pronouns besides the epicene. The epicene singular is one and the same with the epicene plural.
Gândölansch (Gondolan) • Feongkrwe (Feongrkean) • Tamhanddön (Tamanthon) • Θανηλοξαμαψⱶ (Thanelotic) • Yônjcerth (Yaponese) • Ba̧supan (Basupan) • Mùthoķán (Mothaucian)
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 3
Trińat declines Class A-1 nouns according to six cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Comitative, and Ablative) and three numbers (Singular, Dual, Plural). These endings are applied after the gendered thematic vowels described on Day 2.
Dnukta'u has Nom-Acc alignment and SOV word order.
Trińat declines Class A-1 nouns according to six cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Comitative, and Ablative) and three numbers (Singular, Dual, Plural). These endings are applied after the gendered thematic vowels described on Day 2.
Spoiler:
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 1: I've decided to redo my noun declension entirely in Mannish. The definite article remains synthetic like in other NGmc languages, but as a preclitic instead of a postclitic, and causes initial mutation of the noun. So for example, take the noun "trell" (ON. <þræll) which mutates to ntrell after the definite article (the /t/ is epithetic)
Day 2: Having thought about Mannish verbs, I've decided to do two things: Eliminate subjunctive marking from Old Norse, but instead innovate a conditional mood and a future, probably from skulu/skyldi. Perhaps it even becomes prefixed onto the verb as in Irish and the subject becomes a postclitic (as was a tendency in Old Icelandic, for example hafða ek -> hafðak). I need to research more, but it is a start at least.
Day 3: Going back to my Hungarian romlang and also thinking about verbs, I was notified that the Latin synthetic passive, as the future, was completely abandoned in favor of new forms. So what if Pelsodian had never innovated a new passive but instead organized its syntax in a way that allowed for it to become topic prominent? This is something I wish to explore further.
Day 2: Having thought about Mannish verbs, I've decided to do two things: Eliminate subjunctive marking from Old Norse, but instead innovate a conditional mood and a future, probably from skulu/skyldi. Perhaps it even becomes prefixed onto the verb as in Irish and the subject becomes a postclitic (as was a tendency in Old Icelandic, for example hafða ek -> hafðak). I need to research more, but it is a start at least.
Day 3: Going back to my Hungarian romlang and also thinking about verbs, I was notified that the Latin synthetic passive, as the future, was completely abandoned in favor of new forms. So what if Pelsodian had never innovated a new passive but instead organized its syntax in a way that allowed for it to become topic prominent? This is something I wish to explore further.
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- mongolian
- Posts: 3884
- Joined: 14 Aug 2010 09:36
- Location: California über alles
Re: Grammuary 2018
January 3
"Azad" [the Kankonian word for "for which" or "for whom"] is also used in the equivalents of English constructions wherein the word "which" is used much in a way similar to the prepositional "about which", "with which", etc., but wherein "which" does not immediately follow a preposition:
Memis zash "heyes", azad weos az hom o namiyass wan uweyas hesori we shuyes tzehimezes, ien e tzaimakis met ad em id re*eviz.
concept APPOS like for-which means REL by one express-PRS 3s vary-PRS ADV across language-PL would BE interesting 3e for see done_to translate-PSV
The concept of "to like", the means of expressing which varies wildly across languages, would be an interesting one to see translated.
Which leads to . . .
January 4
When the main verb is an infinitive, the verb in the witnessed event is passive, AND the whole such phrase is the object of "ad" (to, in order to), place the infinitive verb, then "id", then a passive infinitive verb at the end of the clause, after "ad":
Argas dephudanas oyezas az atzwanes alhekhizas ad ovai id turdiz.
many anarchist-PL say-PRS that law-PL create-PSV-PRS for watch done_to break-PSV
Many anarchists say laws are created to watch being broken.
Which leads to . . .
January 5
Such a construction can also be used with "ai" (to have), instead of a verb such as "to see" or "to watch":
Ham deshing arditzizen ad ai id zriziz dyu arheyizhas.
this essay write-PSV-PST for have done_to tear_apart-PSV by deconstructionist-PL
This essay was written to have torn apart by the deconstructionists.
"Azad" [the Kankonian word for "for which" or "for whom"] is also used in the equivalents of English constructions wherein the word "which" is used much in a way similar to the prepositional "about which", "with which", etc., but wherein "which" does not immediately follow a preposition:
Memis zash "heyes", azad weos az hom o namiyass wan uweyas hesori we shuyes tzehimezes, ien e tzaimakis met ad em id re*eviz.
concept APPOS like for-which means REL by one express-PRS 3s vary-PRS ADV across language-PL would BE interesting 3e for see done_to translate-PSV
The concept of "to like", the means of expressing which varies wildly across languages, would be an interesting one to see translated.
Which leads to . . .
January 4
When the main verb is an infinitive, the verb in the witnessed event is passive, AND the whole such phrase is the object of "ad" (to, in order to), place the infinitive verb, then "id", then a passive infinitive verb at the end of the clause, after "ad":
Argas dephudanas oyezas az atzwanes alhekhizas ad ovai id turdiz.
many anarchist-PL say-PRS that law-PL create-PSV-PRS for watch done_to break-PSV
Many anarchists say laws are created to watch being broken.
Which leads to . . .
January 5
Such a construction can also be used with "ai" (to have), instead of a verb such as "to see" or "to watch":
Ham deshing arditzizen ad ai id zriziz dyu arheyizhas.
this essay write-PSV-PST for have done_to tear_apart-PSV by deconstructionist-PL
This essay was written to have torn apart by the deconstructionists.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 86,336 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
- gestaltist
- mayan
- Posts: 1617
- Joined: 11 Feb 2015 11:23
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 4: I have rethought the noun class system of Nakarian. I decided they are derived from a historical mix of number and gender. Brave souls can look at my messy notes under the spoiler.
Spoiler:
Re: Grammuary 2018
I hate adjective related stuff, but I quite like this idea so I'll probably use it. Qutrussan has inherited a closed set of adjectives which agree in number when used attributively. Perhaps all adjectives agreed in number in Proto-Qutrussic, but only the following do so in Qutrussan. There is also a reduced form of the singular which is often used in compounds.
*ráma > rama~ram big
*ráma-ja > rámya
*s’ine > tsini~tsin small
*s’ineje > tsínni
*kʰɔːs > hós~hŭs / -s- good
*kʰːɔːs-jo > hósyu
*ʃajja > shazza~shai bad, evil
*ʃajja-ja > sházya
*nuːʕm > nuam~nú beautiful, pretty, pleasing
*nuːʕm-ja > nuamya
*kɛːwit > cévit~cé weak, petty, unimportant
*kɛwit-je > cévizzi
*askáus > cós~có important, big, strong
*askáus-ja > cósya
*wiːsne > viani~via young
*wiːsne-je > vianni
*lɔɾɔl > lŭrŭl ~lŭr old
*lɔrɔl-jo > lórŭlyu
*ráma > rama~ram big
*ráma-ja > rámya
*s’ine > tsini~tsin small
*s’ineje > tsínni
*kʰɔːs > hós~hŭs / -s- good
*kʰːɔːs-jo > hósyu
*ʃajja > shazza~shai bad, evil
*ʃajja-ja > sházya
*nuːʕm > nuam~nú beautiful, pretty, pleasing
*nuːʕm-ja > nuamya
*kɛːwit > cévit~cé weak, petty, unimportant
*kɛwit-je > cévizzi
*askáus > cós~có important, big, strong
*askáus-ja > cósya
*wiːsne > viani~via young
*wiːsne-je > vianni
*lɔɾɔl > lŭrŭl ~lŭr old
*lɔrɔl-jo > lórŭlyu
Re: Grammuary 2018
Day 4
Trińat declines Class A-2 nouns according to the same cases and numbers as A-1 but there are some notable differences. The whole class uses an ungendered thematic vowel -a. The declensions will be show in the spoiler. When the gender of an A-2 noun is specified (cow vs. bull) it is declined like an A-1 noun. Likewise, when an A-1 noun is used without reference to gender (i.e. man/woman vs. human) it is declined like an A-2 noun. Full example declensions will be down in the second spoiler.
Dnukta'u doesn't use adjectives. Rather, it has a special class of stative verbs which function like adjectives. These are formed by using <i> as the nucleus of the base root. Nouns are formed by using <u> and action verbs by using <a> Ex: hVlk > hulk "living being, animal"; halk "to live"; hilk "to be living, alive"
Trińat declines Class A-2 nouns according to the same cases and numbers as A-1 but there are some notable differences. The whole class uses an ungendered thematic vowel -a. The declensions will be show in the spoiler. When the gender of an A-2 noun is specified (cow vs. bull) it is declined like an A-1 noun. Likewise, when an A-1 noun is used without reference to gender (i.e. man/woman vs. human) it is declined like an A-2 noun. Full example declensions will be down in the second spoiler.
Spoiler:
Spoiler:
Re: Grammuary 2018
Don't knwo if I can do this every day.
Love the idea, tho.
And the name !!!
Lexember
Grammuary
What's next, I wunder?
Love the idea, tho.
And the name !!!
Lexember
Grammuary
What's next, I wunder?