An unnamed Uralic a-posteriari lang

[Omzinesý]

Habeo-construction

This language has a West-European-style transitive verb 'to have'. It derives from Uralic stem kanta- 'to bear''. The same stem still also means 'to bear' but their third person forms differ, so that the sense 'to have' is formed from the consonant stem. /d/ is however also reduced so that the form is not "kands" but "kans". Sometimes the /n/ is replaced by /ŋ/ and the form is rather [kãs].

kande 'I have' or 'I bear'
kanded 'you have' or 'you bear'
kans 'has', kandes 'bears'
kandemi 'we have' or 'we bear'
kandedi 'you all have' or 'you all bear'
kansi 'there is'

kandeh 'I had/bore'
kandeht 'you had/bore'
kanš 'had' kandeš 'bore'
kandehmi 'we had/bore'
kandehdi 'you had/bore'
kanši 'there was'

The verb is used for clausal possession (in the wide sense).

(1)
Mon kand-e katt-e kaidi-d.
I.NOM have.SG1 two.ACC hand-ABL
'I have two hands.'

(2)
Jude-t kan-s ilm-e-n.
Jew-PL.NOM have-3 god-ACC-REFL.POSS
'The Jews have their (own) god.'

The habeo-construction is also used to express existential clauses. In them, the location argument is the subject of the clause.

(3)
Keller kan-s saft-ed (sisi-n)
cellar.NOM have-3 juice-ESS (inside-REFL.POSS)
There is juice in the cellar.
lit. 'The cellar has juice (in it).'

If no location is mentioned, the impersonal form of the verb is used.

(4)
Kan-si illu rohke traysi-d.
have-IMPERS too many people-ABL
'There are too many people.'


A transitive habeo-verb is actually used in some Uralic language. I have forgotten which. An archaic Uralic-style construction can still be used in some rare senses or experiences.

[Omzinesý]

Copula

There are two kinds of copula verbs: lexical and clitic.

The lexical copula verb is:

le 'I am'
led 'you are'
les 'is'
lemi 'we are'
ledi 'you are'
lessi 'one is'


Its past form is:
li 'I was'
lid 'you were'
liš 'was'
limi 'we were'
lidi 'you were'
lišši 'one was'

The past forms etymology is copulas root "le" + past marker "j".


The clitic copula only appears in the third person.
They are
-s 'peresent'
-š 'past'

The clitics are probably analogical to 3rd person agreements of verbs. It's also possible that the pre-language allowed pronominal copulas, like Arabic or Hebrew.


A lexical copula is used if:
1) the person of the subject is first or second
or
2) the predicative is a complex NP , i.e. has modifiers
or
3) the predicate is emphasized

a clitic copula is used if
1) the predicate is an adjective

Either of the copulas can be used if
1) the predicative is a single noun


Copulas are also used beside participles to form the perfect and other TAs.

[Omzinesý]

- ni mood

I'm not yet sure what its meaning will be. Maybe it's something to do with indirect evidentiality.

Its marker is thus -ni (same as Finnish Potential or Hungarian Conditional). It's usually added to the vowel stem. The inflection is similar to Indicative.

tege-nk 'to do'

tege-ni
tege-ni-d
tege-ni-s
tege-ni-mi
tege-ni-di
tegeni-si

It always differs from Indicative Antipassive whose marker is -ne

Antipassive is:
teg-ne
teg-ne-d
tege-n
tege-mi-n
tege-di-n
tege-si-n