Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Classical Momucharusumuko, native name Momčalsumai, a dead language spoken in the Momčalsum Empire in what is now Southern Fuhe. As the Momčalsum Empire wrote about Ki (which they called Ruwah) indepently from the Proto-Fuheans during the Ki Wars, the Fuheans preserved their books in the original language (as they wrote about "Phonetics and Ruwah"), with a "Fuhekoan Reading". This is the phonology as actually read by Momčalsum people:
/p pʰ b t tʰ d t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ k kʰ k͡p k͡pʰ/ < p ph b t tʰ d č čh ǰ k kh q qh>
/m n/ <m n>
/s z h ɦ/ <s z h hh>
/ɾ/ <r>
/ʙ r / <v ŕ>
/l w j/ <l w j>
/i u a i: u: a: ai au/ <i u a ī ū ā ai au>
Marginal syllabics, only occuring in verbs and nominalized verbs:
/e ei eu o oi ou ə əi əu m̩ n̩̩ ʙ̩ r̩ / <e ei eu o oi ou y yi yu m n v ŕ>
Phonotactics: Affixes containing an aspirate are deaspairated if the closest root suffix is also an aspirate. /ei oi eu ou əi əu ai au/ become [ej oj ew ow aj aw əw] if followed by a vowel.
(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Permitted initial sequences :
/bd db zb zd sp spʰ st stʰ sk skʰ ps ks bz pl pʰl bl kl kʰl pr pʰr br kr kʰr tʙ tʰʙ dʙ kʙ kʰʙ sl zl sm sn pj pw pʰj pʰw bj bw tj tw tʰj tʰw dj dw kj kw kʰw kʰj nj nw mw mj /
Permitted final sequences:
/sp st sk zp zd rp rb rt rd rk lp lb lt ld lk ls lz mp mb nt nd nk [ŋk] ps ks bz/
I'm going to start with the verbs. All verb roots contain a variable vowel V, somewhere in the root. This V expresses itself as /o/ in the non-past, /e/ in the past, and in the moods, as either a syllabic consonant, if the root contains a syllabalizable consonant before or after an obstruent or in other cases, as /ə/.
The conjugation of Tenses of verbs:
example verb: MVmčals "to rule; to control"
Present:
1p sing: Momčalsau
1P plr: Momčalsīn
2P sing: Momčalsus
2P plr: Momčalsait
3p sing: Momčals
3p plr: Momčalsā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Memčalswa
1P plr: Memčalsqan
2P sing: Memčalsqaus
2P plr: Memčalsqīt
3p sing: Memčalsa
3p plr: Memčalsāw
Future:
1p sing: Momčalswa
1P plr: Momčalqan
2P sing: Momčalsqaus
2P plr: Momčalsqīt
3p sing: Momčalsa
3p plr: Momčalsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Smemčalswa
1P plr: Smemčalsqan
2P sing: Smemčalsqaus
2P plr: Smemčalsqīt
3p sing: Smemčalsa
3p plr: Smemčalsāw
Hodiernal past Perfect:
1p sing: Memčalsau
1P plr: Memčalsīn
2P sing: Memčalsus
2P plr: Memčalsait
3p sing: Memčals
3p plr: Memčalsā
Distant past perfect:
1p sing: Smemčalsau
1P plr: Smemčalsīn
2P sing: Smemčalsus
2P plr: Smemčalsait
3p sing: Smemčals
3p plr: Smemčalsā
/p pʰ b t tʰ d t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ k kʰ k͡p k͡pʰ/ < p ph b t tʰ d č čh ǰ k kh q qh>
/m n/ <m n>
/s z h ɦ/ <s z h hh>
/ɾ/ <r>
/ʙ r / <v ŕ>
/l w j/ <l w j>
/i u a i: u: a: ai au/ <i u a ī ū ā ai au>
Marginal syllabics, only occuring in verbs and nominalized verbs:
/e ei eu o oi ou ə əi əu m̩ n̩̩ ʙ̩ r̩ / <e ei eu o oi ou y yi yu m n v ŕ>
Phonotactics: Affixes containing an aspirate are deaspairated if the closest root suffix is also an aspirate. /ei oi eu ou əi əu ai au/ become [ej oj ew ow aj aw əw] if followed by a vowel.
(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Permitted initial sequences :
/bd db zb zd sp spʰ st stʰ sk skʰ ps ks bz pl pʰl bl kl kʰl pr pʰr br kr kʰr tʙ tʰʙ dʙ kʙ kʰʙ sl zl sm sn pj pw pʰj pʰw bj bw tj tw tʰj tʰw dj dw kj kw kʰw kʰj nj nw mw mj /
Permitted final sequences:
/sp st sk zp zd rp rb rt rd rk lp lb lt ld lk ls lz mp mb nt nd nk [ŋk] ps ks bz/
I'm going to start with the verbs. All verb roots contain a variable vowel V, somewhere in the root. This V expresses itself as /o/ in the non-past, /e/ in the past, and in the moods, as either a syllabic consonant, if the root contains a syllabalizable consonant before or after an obstruent or in other cases, as /ə/.
The conjugation of Tenses of verbs:
example verb: MVmčals "to rule; to control"
Present:
1p sing: Momčalsau
1P plr: Momčalsīn
2P sing: Momčalsus
2P plr: Momčalsait
3p sing: Momčals
3p plr: Momčalsā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Memčalswa
1P plr: Memčalsqan
2P sing: Memčalsqaus
2P plr: Memčalsqīt
3p sing: Memčalsa
3p plr: Memčalsāw
Future:
1p sing: Momčalswa
1P plr: Momčalqan
2P sing: Momčalsqaus
2P plr: Momčalsqīt
3p sing: Momčalsa
3p plr: Momčalsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Smemčalswa
1P plr: Smemčalsqan
2P sing: Smemčalsqaus
2P plr: Smemčalsqīt
3p sing: Smemčalsa
3p plr: Smemčalsāw
Hodiernal past Perfect:
1p sing: Memčalsau
1P plr: Memčalsīn
2P sing: Memčalsus
2P plr: Memčalsait
3p sing: Memčals
3p plr: Memčalsā
Distant past perfect:
1p sing: Smemčalsau
1P plr: Smemčalsīn
2P sing: Smemčalsus
2P plr: Smemčalsait
3p sing: Smemčals
3p plr: Smemčalsā
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Notes on the distant past:
In verb roots with an initial voiced stop, the augment becomes /z/:
DīvVi "to speak"
Zdīvejau
"I have spoken (before today)"
If the initial consonant is a cluster or a consonant that won't accept an initial s, the augment is /as~az/:
QVut "To love [erotically]"
Asqeutau
"I have loved erotically (before today)"
In some monosyllabic verbs where the V is Vi or Vu, the second vowel is dropped, so it's a plain /e/ instead of an augment:
KhrVuǰ
"To eat"
Khreuǰau
"I have eaten (today)"
Khreǰau
"I have eaten (before today)
In verb roots with an initial voiced stop, the augment becomes /z/:
DīvVi "to speak"
Zdīvejau
"I have spoken (before today)"
If the initial consonant is a cluster or a consonant that won't accept an initial s, the augment is /as~az/:
QVut "To love [erotically]"
Asqeutau
"I have loved erotically (before today)"
In some monosyllabic verbs where the V is Vi or Vu, the second vowel is dropped, so it's a plain /e/ instead of an augment:
KhrVuǰ
"To eat"
Khreuǰau
"I have eaten (today)"
Khreǰau
"I have eaten (before today)
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Nouns come in three genders: Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. For Nouns of non-naturally gendered objects, the gender may be predicted by root ending, that is, the noun unmarked for case and number (this also serves as the Vocative), with Masculine Nouns ending in a consonant, Feminine in -a ā i or ī and neuter in u ū au ai. There are two numbers, singular and plural, though there are some nouns of the root shape CV:C who are collectives and form their singular by changing the Nom. Plr. into CV̆C
Masculine nouns:
Phad "father"
Nominative sing: Phadaŕt
Nom. Plr: Phadaut
Acc. sing: Phadas
Acc plr. Phadāst
Dat. sing.: Phadul
Dat plr: Phadaulk
Gen. Sing: Phadaǰ
Gen plr: Phadai
Feminine:
A-class:
Vuta "Fire"
Nominative sing: Vutaŕd
Nom. Plr: Vutawat
Acc. sing: Vutas
Acc plr. Vutaist
Dat. sing.: Vutau
Dat plr: Vutauk
Gen. Sing: Vutazd
Gen plr: Vutai
I-class:
Čhali "Ewe"
Nominative sing: Čhaliŕd
Nom. Plr: Čhalijat
Acc. sing: Čhalis
Acc plr. Čhalist
Dat. sing.: Čhaliwa
Dat plr: Čhaliwai
Gen. Sing: Čhalizd
Gen plr: Čhalī
Neuter:
U-class:
Nimu "Name"
Nominative sing: Nimuŕd
Nom. Plr: Nimūt
Acc. sing: Nimus
Acc plr. Nimūst
Dat. sing.: Nimul
Dat plr: Nimulp
Gen. Sing: Nimuki
Gen plr: Nimuka
Diphthong class:
Qhūrai "Hand
Nominative sing: Qhūraiŕd
Nom. Plr: Qhūrait
Acc. sing: Qhūrais
Acc plr. Qhūraist
Dat. sing.: Qhūrail
Dat plr: Qhūrailt
Gen. Sing: Qhūraiči
Gen plr: Qhūraičai
Nouns take definite articles:
Masc:
Nominative sing: Rat
Nom. Plr: Rāt
Acc. sing: Ras
Acc plr. Rāst
Dat. sing.: Ral
Dat plr: Ralk
Gen. Sing: Raǰ
Gen plr: Rai
Fem:
Nominative sing: Rī
Nom. Plr: Rīt
Acc. sing: Rīs
Acc plr. Rīst
Dat. sing.: Rīl
Dat plr: Rīlk
Gen. Sing: Rīǰ
Gen plr: Rai
Neuter:
Nominative sing: Rū
Nom. Plr: Rūt
Acc. sing: Rūs
Acc plr. Rūst
Dat. sing.: Rūl
Dat plr: Rūlk
Gen. Sing: Rūǰ
Gen plr: Rau
Example sentence:
Phadaj̃ vutaŕd rīs čhalis bučherā
"Father's fire has cooked the ewe [today]"
Rī čhalird rūs wasaŕus plinkona
"The ewe will drink the water"
Mīdaǰ tasist asplinkenwa
"I used to drink cups of mead"
Masculine nouns:
Phad "father"
Nominative sing: Phadaŕt
Nom. Plr: Phadaut
Acc. sing: Phadas
Acc plr. Phadāst
Dat. sing.: Phadul
Dat plr: Phadaulk
Gen. Sing: Phadaǰ
Gen plr: Phadai
Feminine:
A-class:
Vuta "Fire"
Nominative sing: Vutaŕd
Nom. Plr: Vutawat
Acc. sing: Vutas
Acc plr. Vutaist
Dat. sing.: Vutau
Dat plr: Vutauk
Gen. Sing: Vutazd
Gen plr: Vutai
I-class:
Čhali "Ewe"
Nominative sing: Čhaliŕd
Nom. Plr: Čhalijat
Acc. sing: Čhalis
Acc plr. Čhalist
Dat. sing.: Čhaliwa
Dat plr: Čhaliwai
Gen. Sing: Čhalizd
Gen plr: Čhalī
Neuter:
U-class:
Nimu "Name"
Nominative sing: Nimuŕd
Nom. Plr: Nimūt
Acc. sing: Nimus
Acc plr. Nimūst
Dat. sing.: Nimul
Dat plr: Nimulp
Gen. Sing: Nimuki
Gen plr: Nimuka
Diphthong class:
Qhūrai "Hand
Nominative sing: Qhūraiŕd
Nom. Plr: Qhūrait
Acc. sing: Qhūrais
Acc plr. Qhūraist
Dat. sing.: Qhūrail
Dat plr: Qhūrailt
Gen. Sing: Qhūraiči
Gen plr: Qhūraičai
Nouns take definite articles:
Masc:
Nominative sing: Rat
Nom. Plr: Rāt
Acc. sing: Ras
Acc plr. Rāst
Dat. sing.: Ral
Dat plr: Ralk
Gen. Sing: Raǰ
Gen plr: Rai
Fem:
Nominative sing: Rī
Nom. Plr: Rīt
Acc. sing: Rīs
Acc plr. Rīst
Dat. sing.: Rīl
Dat plr: Rīlk
Gen. Sing: Rīǰ
Gen plr: Rai
Neuter:
Nominative sing: Rū
Nom. Plr: Rūt
Acc. sing: Rūs
Acc plr. Rūst
Dat. sing.: Rūl
Dat plr: Rūlk
Gen. Sing: Rūǰ
Gen plr: Rau
Example sentence:
Phadaj̃ vutaŕd rīs čhalis bučherā
"Father's fire has cooked the ewe [today]"
Rī čhalird rūs wasaŕus plinkona
"The ewe will drink the water"
Mīdaǰ tasist asplinkenwa
"I used to drink cups of mead"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Irregular nouns of the vowel-shortening type are all masculine, and have a base form of (C)CV:C(C). They take the Plr marker for all cases, and to make them singular, one shortens the vowel. I will use the example Bīŕk "Mountain:
Nominative sing: Biŕkaut
Nom. Plr: Bīŕkaut
Acc. sing: Biŕkāst
Acc plr. Bīŕkāst
Dat. sing.: Biŕkaulk
Dat plr: Bīŕkaulk
Gen. Sing: Biŕkai
Gen plr: Bīŕkai
This can also occur with the diphtongs /ai and /au/, where the /a/ is dropped:
Mair"sea; ocean; any body of water that is not long and thin, contrasting with the regular Fem I-stem <Nahali>"
Nominative sing: Miraut
Nom. Plr: Mairaut
Acc. sing: Mirāst
Acc plr. Mairāst
Dat. sing.: Miraulk
Dat plr: Mairaulk
Gen. Sing: Mirai
Gen plr: Mairai
Nuŕzalač biŕkāst momčalsau
"I rule over Mt. Nurusarachi"
Ditransitive sentences:
The main ditransitive verb is QVqib "to give"
Wasaŕus phadul asqeqibus
"You have given father water"
Nominative sing: Biŕkaut
Nom. Plr: Bīŕkaut
Acc. sing: Biŕkāst
Acc plr. Bīŕkāst
Dat. sing.: Biŕkaulk
Dat plr: Bīŕkaulk
Gen. Sing: Biŕkai
Gen plr: Bīŕkai
This can also occur with the diphtongs /ai and /au/, where the /a/ is dropped:
Mair"sea; ocean; any body of water that is not long and thin, contrasting with the regular Fem I-stem <Nahali>"
Nominative sing: Miraut
Nom. Plr: Mairaut
Acc. sing: Mirāst
Acc plr. Mairāst
Dat. sing.: Miraulk
Dat plr: Mairaulk
Gen. Sing: Mirai
Gen plr: Mairai
Nuŕzalač biŕkāst momčalsau
"I rule over Mt. Nurusarachi"
Ditransitive sentences:
The main ditransitive verb is QVqib "to give"
Wasaŕus phadul asqeqibus
"You have given father water"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
The modal schwa/∅-grade verbs:
The first one of the Schwa/∅-grade verb forms are the negative forms. They only distinguish distant past, hodiernal past and non-past, and inflect like distant Past, hodiernal past and present verbs, respectively, only different in the value of V.
Present:
1p sing: Mymčalsau
1P plr: Mymčalsīn
2P sing: Mymčalsus
2P plr: Mymčalsait
3p sing: Mymčals
3p plr: Mymčalsā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Mymčalswa
1P plr: Mymčalsqan
2P sing: Mymčalsqaus
2P plr: Mymčalsqīt
3p sing: Mymčalsa
3p plr: Mymčalsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Smymčalswa
1P plr: Smymčalsqan
2P sing: Smymčalsqaus
2P plr: Smymčalsqīt
3p sing: Smymčalsa
3p plr: Smymčalsāw
One with a syllabic consonant:
plinkVn "Drink" the ∅-grade form is written Plinkn and pronounced [pliŋkn̩], though before vowels [pliŋknV
1p sing: Plinknau
1P plr: Plinknīn
2P sing: Plinknus
2P plr: Plinknait
3p sing: Plinkn
3p plr: Plinknā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Plinknwa
1P plr: Plinknqan
2P sing: Plinknqaus
2P plr: Plinknqīt
3p sing: Plinkna
3p plr: Plinknsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Asplinknwa
1P plr: Asplinknqan
2P sing: Asplinknqaus
2P plr: Asplinknqīt
3p sing: Asplinknsa
3p plr: Asplinknāw
Mīdaǰ tasis plinknwa
[mi:dad͡ʒ tasis pliŋkn̩wa]
"I did not drink a cup of mead today"
The first one of the Schwa/∅-grade verb forms are the negative forms. They only distinguish distant past, hodiernal past and non-past, and inflect like distant Past, hodiernal past and present verbs, respectively, only different in the value of V.
Present:
1p sing: Mymčalsau
1P plr: Mymčalsīn
2P sing: Mymčalsus
2P plr: Mymčalsait
3p sing: Mymčals
3p plr: Mymčalsā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Mymčalswa
1P plr: Mymčalsqan
2P sing: Mymčalsqaus
2P plr: Mymčalsqīt
3p sing: Mymčalsa
3p plr: Mymčalsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Smymčalswa
1P plr: Smymčalsqan
2P sing: Smymčalsqaus
2P plr: Smymčalsqīt
3p sing: Smymčalsa
3p plr: Smymčalsāw
One with a syllabic consonant:
plinkVn "Drink" the ∅-grade form is written Plinkn and pronounced [pliŋkn̩], though before vowels [pliŋknV
1p sing: Plinknau
1P plr: Plinknīn
2P sing: Plinknus
2P plr: Plinknait
3p sing: Plinkn
3p plr: Plinknā
Hodiernal Past:
1p sing: Plinknwa
1P plr: Plinknqan
2P sing: Plinknqaus
2P plr: Plinknqīt
3p sing: Plinkna
3p plr: Plinknsāw
Distant past:
1p sing: Asplinknwa
1P plr: Asplinknqan
2P sing: Asplinknqaus
2P plr: Asplinknqīt
3p sing: Asplinknsa
3p plr: Asplinknāw
Mīdaǰ tasis plinknwa
[mi:dad͡ʒ tasis pliŋkn̩wa]
"I did not drink a cup of mead today"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Verbs of motion are treated with prepositions on the location noun, in the proper case. We will consider two verbs: <SkVphārt> "To journey" and <ZistVnk> "To sit".
Location is expressed by two preposition, that both require the dative: Hhain "on" and Vais "By; In":
Hhain nuŕzalač biŕkaulk zistonkwa
"I will sit on Mt. Nurusarachi"
Vais waisk nahaliwa zistenkwa
"Earlier today, I sat by the Waisuku River"
Motion towards is expressed by the particle Hhād, followed by the accusative case:
Hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāst skophārtau
"I am going to Mt. Nurusarachi"
Motion away is expressed by the Particle Hībz, followed by the genitive case:
Hībz nuŕzalač biŕkai skephārtwa
"I come [lit. "came"] from Mt. Nurusarachi"
Location is expressed by two preposition, that both require the dative: Hhain "on" and Vais "By; In":
Hhain nuŕzalač biŕkaulk zistonkwa
"I will sit on Mt. Nurusarachi"
Vais waisk nahaliwa zistenkwa
"Earlier today, I sat by the Waisuku River"
Motion towards is expressed by the particle Hhād, followed by the accusative case:
Hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāst skophārtau
"I am going to Mt. Nurusarachi"
Motion away is expressed by the Particle Hībz, followed by the genitive case:
Hībz nuŕzalač biŕkai skephārtwa
"I come [lit. "came"] from Mt. Nurusarachi"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
The Subjunctive mood take the schwa/∅-grade, and distinguises only between non-past and past, being inflected like non-past and Hodiernal Past Negative verbs, with the Augment Ī:
Present:
1p sing: Īmymčalsau
1P plr: Īmymčalsīn
2P sing: Īmymčalsus
2P plr: Īmymčalsait
3p sing: Īmymčals
3p plr: Īmymčalsā
Past:
1p sing: Īmymčalswa
1P plr: Īmymčalsqan
2P sing: Īmymčalsqaus
2P plr: Īmymčalsqīt
3p sing: Īmymčalsa
3p plr: Īmymčalsāw
One with a syllabic consonant:
plinkVn "Drink" the ∅-grade form is written Plinkn and pronounced [pliŋkn̩], though before vowels [pliŋknV]
1p sing: Īplinknau
1P plr: Īplinknīn
2P sing: Īplinknus
2P plr: Īplinknait
3p sing: Īplinkn
3p plr: Īplinknā
Past:
1p sing: Īplinknwa
1P plr: Īplinknqan
2P sing: Īplinknqaus
2P plr: Īplinknqīt
3p sing: Īplinkna
3p plr: Īplinknsāw
The Subjunctive is always used with another clause in the Indicative or Negative, and has two uses: As a Protasis of a conditional clause, or as a statement of Because X does Y:
Hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāsi īkyphārtau, khŕaukhŕounkqīt
"If I go to Mt. Nurusarachi, you all will scream"
Khŕaukhŕounksqīt, hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāsi īkyphārtau
"You are all screaming because I am going to Mt. Nurusarachi"
Present:
1p sing: Īmymčalsau
1P plr: Īmymčalsīn
2P sing: Īmymčalsus
2P plr: Īmymčalsait
3p sing: Īmymčals
3p plr: Īmymčalsā
Past:
1p sing: Īmymčalswa
1P plr: Īmymčalsqan
2P sing: Īmymčalsqaus
2P plr: Īmymčalsqīt
3p sing: Īmymčalsa
3p plr: Īmymčalsāw
One with a syllabic consonant:
plinkVn "Drink" the ∅-grade form is written Plinkn and pronounced [pliŋkn̩], though before vowels [pliŋknV]
1p sing: Īplinknau
1P plr: Īplinknīn
2P sing: Īplinknus
2P plr: Īplinknait
3p sing: Īplinkn
3p plr: Īplinknā
Past:
1p sing: Īplinknwa
1P plr: Īplinknqan
2P sing: Īplinknqaus
2P plr: Īplinknqīt
3p sing: Īplinkna
3p plr: Īplinknsāw
The Subjunctive is always used with another clause in the Indicative or Negative, and has two uses: As a Protasis of a conditional clause, or as a statement of Because X does Y:
Hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāsi īkyphārtau, khŕaukhŕounkqīt
"If I go to Mt. Nurusarachi, you all will scream"
Khŕaukhŕounksqīt, hhād nuŕzalač biŕkāsi īkyphārtau
"You are all screaming because I am going to Mt. Nurusarachi"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
The Imperitive:
Most Imperatives are formed by the base schwa/∅-grade of the verb:
plinkn!
[pliŋkn̩]
"Drink!"
The polite imperative is rare in the texts preserved by the Fuheans, as they have been expunged for religious and political reasons, as most they are mostly prayers to the gods or adressing any royal reader. However some have been left in "to make the text clear" and these are clearly marked, as some strains of Fuhean Monotheism require "Disrespect Rituals" before and/or after reading such passages.
It is formed by adding the suffix -āŕ after the verb:
Plinknāŕ
[pliŋkna:r]
"please drink [sir]"
The cohortative is formed by the suffix -waŕ:
Plinknwaŕ
[pliŋkn̩war]
"Let us drink"
The Negative of all the above is formed with subjunctive augment; it seems to have the original meaning "Lest you do X....."
Īplinkn!
Don't drink!
Most Imperatives are formed by the base schwa/∅-grade of the verb:
plinkn!
[pliŋkn̩]
"Drink!"
The polite imperative is rare in the texts preserved by the Fuheans, as they have been expunged for religious and political reasons, as most they are mostly prayers to the gods or adressing any royal reader. However some have been left in "to make the text clear" and these are clearly marked, as some strains of Fuhean Monotheism require "Disrespect Rituals" before and/or after reading such passages.
It is formed by adding the suffix -āŕ after the verb:
Plinknāŕ
[pliŋkna:r]
"please drink [sir]"
The cohortative is formed by the suffix -waŕ:
Plinknwaŕ
[pliŋkn̩war]
"Let us drink"
The Negative of all the above is formed with subjunctive augment; it seems to have the original meaning "Lest you do X....."
Īplinkn!
Don't drink!
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Personal Pronouns:
The language is strongly prodrop in the nominative, but pronouns may be introduced in that case for emphasis:
1P sing:
Nominative : Āŕk
Acc. : Mā
Dat. : Mau
Gen: Mai
1P Plr:
Nominative : Njau
Acc. : Jau
Dat. : Jū
Gen: Jai
2P Sing:
Nominative : Āzd
Acc. : Dā
Dat. : Dū
Gen: Dī
2P Plr:
Nominative : Zbau
Acc. : Bau
Dat. : Bū
Gen: Bai
3P Masc sing:
Nominative : Hānk
Acc. : Hān
Dat. : Hūn
Gen: Hīn
3P fem sing:
Nominative : Čhānk
Acc. : Čhān
Dat. : Čhūn
Gen: Čhīn
3P Neut. sing:
Nominative : Āls
Acc. : Lā
Dat. : Lau
Gen: Li
3P plural:
Nominative : Zdā
Acc. : Dām
Dat. : Dūm
Gen: Dīm
Examples:
Āŕk mīdaǰ tasist asplinkenwa
"It was I who used to drink cups of mead"
Čhān plinknwa
"I did not drink it [fem.] today"
Mai phadaŕt rīs čhalis bučherā
"My father cooked the ewe"
Āzd jai wasaŕus hūn asqeqibus
"It was you who gave him our water"
The language is strongly prodrop in the nominative, but pronouns may be introduced in that case for emphasis:
1P sing:
Nominative : Āŕk
Acc. : Mā
Dat. : Mau
Gen: Mai
1P Plr:
Nominative : Njau
Acc. : Jau
Dat. : Jū
Gen: Jai
2P Sing:
Nominative : Āzd
Acc. : Dā
Dat. : Dū
Gen: Dī
2P Plr:
Nominative : Zbau
Acc. : Bau
Dat. : Bū
Gen: Bai
3P Masc sing:
Nominative : Hānk
Acc. : Hān
Dat. : Hūn
Gen: Hīn
3P fem sing:
Nominative : Čhānk
Acc. : Čhān
Dat. : Čhūn
Gen: Čhīn
3P Neut. sing:
Nominative : Āls
Acc. : Lā
Dat. : Lau
Gen: Li
3P plural:
Nominative : Zdā
Acc. : Dām
Dat. : Dūm
Gen: Dīm
Examples:
Āŕk mīdaǰ tasist asplinkenwa
"It was I who used to drink cups of mead"
Čhān plinknwa
"I did not drink it [fem.] today"
Mai phadaŕt rīs čhalis bučherā
"My father cooked the ewe"
Āzd jai wasaŕus hūn asqeqibus
"It was you who gave him our water"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Negation of Aspectual and Future Verbs:
As the aspects and future tense are not distinguished on Negative Verbs, to specify this as a Negative, in the first 150 years of texts, an auxillary was used. This post will not discuss this, as most other texts use a particle before the verb if it is not simple present, Hodiernal Past, or Distant Past. This particle depends on where the text was written. In the Southern Dialect it is <Nwīst> and in the more common Northern Dialect it is <Njist>.
Compare:
Mīdaǰ tasis plinknwa
"I did not drink a cup of mead today"
Mīdaǰ tasis njist plinkenau
"I have not drunk a cup of mead today"
Negating Nouns:
Nouns can be negated, meaning while the action happaned, the noun is not the correct one. The Negating Particle acts like an article, changing for Case and Number (but not Gender):
Nominative sing: Qhaiŕ
Nom. Plr: Qpait
Acc. sing: Qhais
Acc plr. Qhaist
Dat. sing.: Qhail
Dat plr: Qhailk
Gen. Sing: Qhaiǰ
Gen plr: Qhai
Compare:
Mīdas njist plinkenau
"I have not drunk mead today"
Qhais mīdas plinkenau
"It was not mead I have drunk today"
And the combonation:
Qhais mīdas njist plinkenau
"I have not drunken even mead today"
As the aspects and future tense are not distinguished on Negative Verbs, to specify this as a Negative, in the first 150 years of texts, an auxillary was used. This post will not discuss this, as most other texts use a particle before the verb if it is not simple present, Hodiernal Past, or Distant Past. This particle depends on where the text was written. In the Southern Dialect it is <Nwīst> and in the more common Northern Dialect it is <Njist>.
Compare:
Mīdaǰ tasis plinknwa
"I did not drink a cup of mead today"
Mīdaǰ tasis njist plinkenau
"I have not drunk a cup of mead today"
Negating Nouns:
Nouns can be negated, meaning while the action happaned, the noun is not the correct one. The Negating Particle acts like an article, changing for Case and Number (but not Gender):
Nominative sing: Qhaiŕ
Nom. Plr: Qpait
Acc. sing: Qhais
Acc plr. Qhaist
Dat. sing.: Qhail
Dat plr: Qhailk
Gen. Sing: Qhaiǰ
Gen plr: Qhai
Compare:
Mīdas njist plinkenau
"I have not drunk mead today"
Qhais mīdas plinkenau
"It was not mead I have drunk today"
And the combonation:
Qhais mīdas njist plinkenau
"I have not drunken even mead today"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Compound Verbs:
Even though most verbs are disyllabic, it is possible for there to be compound verbs. These are a closed class, but there is evidence that before the earliest preserved texts, it was productive. These verbs have only one graded vowel; the "secondary" verb, ussually the first takes an "echo" vowel from the non-graded syllable; however if the vowel is long, the echo is short, and /ai au/ can become /a/ or /i u/, with no predictable pattern. If the "secondary verb ends in a consonant cluster, only the firt consonant is preserved. Similiarly, if the second verb begins in a cluster the first consonant is lost.
Example:
ZistinkVphāŕt
"To leave"
ZistVnk "Sit" + SkVphāŕt "To travel"
Hībz dī huzdaǰ zistinkophāŕtwa
"I will leave your house"
SkaphāŕzistVnk
"To arrive"
Hhād dī huzdas skaphāŕzistonkwa
"I will arrive at your house"
Often these form technical doublets with a regular verb:
PhŕākVt
"To ask"
SkaphāŕtdīvVi
"To ask indirectly; to give a Socratic answer"
Even though most verbs are disyllabic, it is possible for there to be compound verbs. These are a closed class, but there is evidence that before the earliest preserved texts, it was productive. These verbs have only one graded vowel; the "secondary" verb, ussually the first takes an "echo" vowel from the non-graded syllable; however if the vowel is long, the echo is short, and /ai au/ can become /a/ or /i u/, with no predictable pattern. If the "secondary verb ends in a consonant cluster, only the firt consonant is preserved. Similiarly, if the second verb begins in a cluster the first consonant is lost.
Example:
ZistinkVphāŕt
"To leave"
ZistVnk "Sit" + SkVphāŕt "To travel"
Hībz dī huzdaǰ zistinkophāŕtwa
"I will leave your house"
SkaphāŕzistVnk
"To arrive"
Hhād dī huzdas skaphāŕzistonkwa
"I will arrive at your house"
Often these form technical doublets with a regular verb:
PhŕākVt
"To ask"
SkaphāŕtdīvVi
"To ask indirectly; to give a Socratic answer"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Irregular Verbs in the future:
There are a number of verbs that conjugate with the present tense endings in the future, that take a different marker of the future:
Class I: Monosyllabic roots of the pattern cVc. Reduplicate the first consonant with /a/.
Example: KVt "to run":
Future tense:
1p sing: Kakotau
1P plr: Kakotīn
2P sing: Kakotus
2P plr: Kakotait
3p sing: Kakot
3p plr: Kakotā
Class II: Ends in aspirate. Takes augment Ha-.:
Example: SVlukh "to swallow"
Future tense:
1p sing: Hasolukhau
1P plr: Hasolukhīn
2P sing: Hasolukhus
2P plr: Hasolukhait
3p sing: Hasolukh
3p plr: Hasolukhā
Class III: Ends in <q> or <w>. Extra syllable ak added before ending.
Example: DakVq "To present oneself as cultured"
Future tense:
1p sing: Dakoqakau
1P plr:Dakoqakīn
2P sing: Dakoqakus
2P plr: Dakoqakait
3p sing: Dakoq
3p plr: Dakoqakā
There are a number of verbs that conjugate with the present tense endings in the future, that take a different marker of the future:
Class I: Monosyllabic roots of the pattern cVc. Reduplicate the first consonant with /a/.
Example: KVt "to run":
Future tense:
1p sing: Kakotau
1P plr: Kakotīn
2P sing: Kakotus
2P plr: Kakotait
3p sing: Kakot
3p plr: Kakotā
Class II: Ends in aspirate. Takes augment Ha-.:
Example: SVlukh "to swallow"
Future tense:
1p sing: Hasolukhau
1P plr: Hasolukhīn
2P sing: Hasolukhus
2P plr: Hasolukhait
3p sing: Hasolukh
3p plr: Hasolukhā
Class III: Ends in <q> or <w>. Extra syllable ak added before ending.
Example: DakVq "To present oneself as cultured"
Future tense:
1p sing: Dakoqakau
1P plr:Dakoqakīn
2P sing: Dakoqakus
2P plr: Dakoqakait
3p sing: Dakoq
3p plr: Dakoqakā
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Names:
Most names contain the element <Zlaund>, the Sun and the Sun God. It ussually features as <Zlaundai>, the plural genitive, as the singular genitive makes names hard to pronounce:
Zlaundaivutaŕt
"Zlaund's Fire"
Another common pattern is Zlaundmai-X "Zlaund-[is]-my-X
Zlaundmaimīdaŕt
"Zlaund is my mead [Is like mead to me]
Last names are the genitive of the city or village of birth, which I will call in English the "Polinymic":
Nuŕzalačazd
"Of Nuŕzalača"
It is common to adress and to refer to superiors, even family members, with the full name followed by a title. The Title is ussually the root of the position that makes the person superior:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Braud
"Older Brother Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Phad
"Father Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ
"Priest Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivuta Nuŕzalačazd Mwan
"Nun Zlaundaivuta Nuŕzalačazd
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Hauph
"Mayor Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Nāks
"Count Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Hiŕ
"Mr. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Maihiŕ
"Sir Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
The King/Emporer just takes the title; the Polinymic being dropped:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Kaunink
"King Zlaundaivutaŕt"
Most names contain the element <Zlaund>, the Sun and the Sun God. It ussually features as <Zlaundai>, the plural genitive, as the singular genitive makes names hard to pronounce:
Zlaundaivutaŕt
"Zlaund's Fire"
Another common pattern is Zlaundmai-X "Zlaund-[is]-my-X
Zlaundmaimīdaŕt
"Zlaund is my mead [Is like mead to me]
Last names are the genitive of the city or village of birth, which I will call in English the "Polinymic":
Nuŕzalačazd
"Of Nuŕzalača"
It is common to adress and to refer to superiors, even family members, with the full name followed by a title. The Title is ussually the root of the position that makes the person superior:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Braud
"Older Brother Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Phad
"Father Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ
"Priest Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivuta Nuŕzalačazd Mwan
"Nun Zlaundaivuta Nuŕzalačazd
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Hauph
"Mayor Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Nāks
"Count Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Hiŕ
"Mr. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Maihiŕ
"Sir Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd"
The King/Emporer just takes the title; the Polinymic being dropped:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Kaunink
"King Zlaundaivutaŕt"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
The Use of names in sentences:
The case of the name of a superior does not change, rather, in a sentence, it takes the appropriate Definite Article:
Rat Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ rīst Zlaundaǰ hitaist krouǰa
"The Rev. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd will eat the sun-dried [lit. Zlaund's] wheat-stalks"
Aihā, zbu ras Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ khreuǰau
"Sadly, a wolf ate Rev. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd today"
(Note that I am translating the title for a priest as "Rev." or "Reverend", as I feel it is more natural in English then "Priest")
However, if Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd is not a priest, or any other superior, or if a priest equal with him (priests have their own titles and hierchies, but this depends on the cult, and does not effect the non-priest linguistically) the Personal Name takes the case, but the Polinymic does not:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd rīst Zlaundaǰ hitaist krouǰa
" Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd will eat the sun-dried [lit. Zlaund's] wheatstalks"
Aihā, zbu Zlaundaivutas Nuŕzalačazd khreuǰau
"Sadly, a wolf ate Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd today"
The case of the name of a superior does not change, rather, in a sentence, it takes the appropriate Definite Article:
Rat Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ rīst Zlaundaǰ hitaist krouǰa
"The Rev. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd will eat the sun-dried [lit. Zlaund's] wheat-stalks"
Aihā, zbu ras Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd Kaumīŕ khreuǰau
"Sadly, a wolf ate Rev. Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd today"
(Note that I am translating the title for a priest as "Rev." or "Reverend", as I feel it is more natural in English then "Priest")
However, if Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd is not a priest, or any other superior, or if a priest equal with him (priests have their own titles and hierchies, but this depends on the cult, and does not effect the non-priest linguistically) the Personal Name takes the case, but the Polinymic does not:
Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd rīst Zlaundaǰ hitaist krouǰa
" Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd will eat the sun-dried [lit. Zlaund's] wheatstalks"
Aihā, zbu Zlaundaivutas Nuŕzalačazd khreuǰau
"Sadly, a wolf ate Zlaundaivutaŕt Nuŕzalačazd today"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
- k1234567890y
- mayan
- Posts: 2400
- Joined: 04 Jan 2014 04:47
- Contact:
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
I wonder if the pronouns are inspired by Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, and languages of the Altaic Sprachbund, as they seem to be the m-T pronouns characteristic to those languages?
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
A lot of the vocabulary is based on Germanic, with some tweaks. So "mountain" is Biŕkai based on <Berg>. Similiarly, the 1P nom. is Āŕk, based on PGerm. *Ik, with a vowel change and a trill insterted. Other vocab is completly a priori, and some comes from Bib. as I like to put words from it in all my languages, as an easter egg. It's actually become a challenge for me: How to do it without being repetitive.k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 14:58 I wonder if the pronouns are inspired by Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, and languages of the Altaic Sprachbund, as they seem to be the m-T pronouns characteristic to those languages?
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
- k1234567890y
- mayan
- Posts: 2400
- Joined: 04 Jan 2014 04:47
- Contact:
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
nice (: and I guess it depends on how many words of Biblical Hebrew you know.Shemtov wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:16A lot of the vocabulary is based on Germanic, with some tweaks. So "mountain" is Biŕkai based on <Berg>. Similiarly, the 1P nom. is Āŕk, based on PGerm. *Ik, with a vowel change and a trill insterted. Other vocab is completly a priori, and some comes from Bib. as I like to put words from it in all my languages, as an easter egg. It's actually become a challenge for me: How to do it without being repetitive.k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 14:58 I wonder if the pronouns are inspired by Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, and languages of the Altaic Sprachbund, as they seem to be the m-T pronouns characteristic to those languages?
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Well, I read the Jewish Bible in the original every day, but I started with common words. Now, the Momčalsumai words for "Wheat" "Wolf" and "Priest" are Hebraic, as is the word for "To speak", just using the Root DBR instead of the almost synonymous ʔMR, which I had been using too much, just shifting the two consonants /br/>/ʙ/k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:48nice (: and I guess it depends on how many words of Biblical Hebrew you know.Shemtov wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:16A lot of the vocabulary is based on Germanic, with some tweaks. So "mountain" is Biŕkai based on <Berg>. Similiarly, the 1P nom. is Āŕk, based on PGerm. *Ik, with a vowel change and a trill insterted. Other vocab is completly a priori, and some comes from Bib. as I like to put words from it in all my languages, as an easter egg. It's actually become a challenge for me: How to do it without being repetitive.k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 14:58 I wonder if the pronouns are inspired by Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, and languages of the Altaic Sprachbund, as they seem to be the m-T pronouns characteristic to those languages?
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien
- k1234567890y
- mayan
- Posts: 2400
- Joined: 04 Jan 2014 04:47
- Contact:
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
ok (: maybe you can also have words that spell similar but with different pronounciations. e.g. the <t d> pair can be /t d/ or /tʰ t/, depending on the phonology.Shemtov wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:58Well, I read the Jewish Bible in the original every day, but I started with common words. Now, the Momčalsumai words for "Wheat" "Wolf" and "Priest" are Hebraic, as is the word for "To speak", just using the Root DBR instead of the almost synonymous ʔMR, which I had been using too much, just shifting the two consonants /br/>/ʙ/k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:48nice (: and I guess it depends on how many words of Biblical Hebrew you know.Shemtov wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 20:16A lot of the vocabulary is based on Germanic, with some tweaks. So "mountain" is Biŕkai based on <Berg>. Similiarly, the 1P nom. is Āŕk, based on PGerm. *Ik, with a vowel change and a trill insterted. Other vocab is completly a priori, and some comes from Bib. as I like to put words from it in all my languages, as an easter egg. It's actually become a challenge for me: How to do it without being repetitive.k1234567890y wrote: ↑03 Aug 2018 14:58 I wonder if the pronouns are inspired by Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, and languages of the Altaic Sprachbund, as they seem to be the m-T pronouns characteristic to those languages?
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
Re: Classical Momucharusumuko/Momčalsumai
Numbers 1-99:
1. Djain
2. Thwa
3. Dvi
4.Qittwā
5.Phjaimb
6. Bzīsk
7. Ksaim
8. Waŕt
9 Nau
10 Djaks
11.Djainaks
12. Thwajaks
13. Dvīks
14, Qittwājaks
15. Phjaimaks
16.Bzīsaks
17 Ksaimaks
18. Waŕaks
19. Naiks
20 J̌aist
21.J̌aistdjain
22 J̌aistthwa
23. J̌aistdvi
etc.
30. J̌aistdjaks
31. J̌aistdjainaks
32. J̌aistthwajaks
33.J̌aistdvīks
etc.
40. Qitaist
41-59: Same pattern as 21-39
60. Bzaiks
61-79: Same pattern as 21-39
80. Waiks
81-99: Same pattern as 21-39
1. Djain
2. Thwa
3. Dvi
4.Qittwā
5.Phjaimb
6. Bzīsk
7. Ksaim
8. Waŕt
9 Nau
10 Djaks
11.Djainaks
12. Thwajaks
13. Dvīks
14, Qittwājaks
15. Phjaimaks
16.Bzīsaks
17 Ksaimaks
18. Waŕaks
19. Naiks
20 J̌aist
21.J̌aistdjain
22 J̌aistthwa
23. J̌aistdvi
etc.
30. J̌aistdjaks
31. J̌aistdjainaks
32. J̌aistthwajaks
33.J̌aistdvīks
etc.
40. Qitaist
41-59: Same pattern as 21-39
60. Bzaiks
61-79: Same pattern as 21-39
80. Waiks
81-99: Same pattern as 21-39
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
-JRR Tolkien
-JRR Tolkien