Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Khőőtín nouns:
They have two genders, masculine and feminine. Cosonant-final roots and those ending in the vowel set <e é y ý o ó a> are Masculine, the set <ee éé oo óó aa öö őő> and diphthongs end feminine nouns. Nouns ending in the set <i u í ú ü ű ö ő> may be either gender.
The language has three cases: Nominative-Accusative, Dative and Genitive.
Nouns also distinguish between definite and indefinite
They have two numbers, singular and plural.
Masuline consonant declension:
Indefinite:
"Pat" "River"
Singular:
Nominative-Accusative: Pat
Dative: Pataash
Genitive: Patú
Plural:
Nominative- Accusative: Patav
Dative: Patizh
Genitive: Patúv

The Definite root is Patéél̟


Masculine vowel declension:
S̟ykaanda "Hunting Knife"
Nominative-Accusative: S̟ykaanda
Dative: S̟ykaandaash
Genitive: S̟ykaandaruu

Plural:
Nominative: S̟ykaandav
Accusative:S̟ykaandaryv
Dative: S̟ykaandarazh
Genitive: S̟ykaandaruv

The Definite root is S̟ykaandaal̟

Feminine:
Chízéí "Bench"
Nominative-Accusative: Chízéí
Dative: Chízéízh
Genitive: Chízéívúú
Prepositional: Chízéír
Plural:
Nominative: Chízéít
Accusative: Chízéívót
Dative: Chízéízhid
Genitive: Chízéívúd

The Definite Root is Chízéíz̟éé
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Verbs in Khőőtín have Tense-aspects, hereafter referred to as TAs: Present, past and future continuious, Past and future perfective, and past and present habitual. The Contininuious and Past Perfective are morphologically marked, while the future perfect and the habituals are periphrastic; this post will only consider the Morphological TAs.
Verb: Saraf "To burn"
Present cont.:
1P sing: Sarafí
1P plr: Sarafún
2p sing: Sarafík
2p plr: Sarafaak
3p sing: Sarafú
3p plr: Sarafé

Past cont.:
1P sing: Saraféíd̟
1P plr: Sarafóón̟
2p sing: Sarafat̟
2p plr: Sarafaat̟
3p sing: Sarafar
3p plr: Sarafaas̟

Future cont.:
1P sing: sarafíb
1P plr: sarafúm
2p sing: sarafímb
2p plr: Sarafaab
3p sing: Sarafúb
3p plr: Sarafém


Past Perfective:
1P sing: Sarafíl̟í
1P plr: Sarafýn̟
2p sing: Sarafín̟d̟
2p plr: Sarafaal̟
3p sing: Sarafóúl̟
3p plr: Sarafís̟


It is of note that the syntax is SOV:
Mbózhaal̟ gefen sarafóúl̟
"The boy has burnt melon pomace"

Despite the fact that normal nouns do not distinguish Nom from Acc, pronouns do, and therefore, adding the apropriate 3p Nom pronoun as a clitic is often used to distinguish subjects from objects (the 3p Acc pronoun, can be clitisized, but only in certain contructions).
These are the clitics:
Masc: Ka
Fem: S̟aa
Plural: Va

So the above sentence can be:
Mbózhaal̟-ka gefen sarafóúl̟
"The boy has burnt melon pomace"
or:
Mbózhaal̟-ka sarafóúl̟ gefen
or even:
Gefen mbózhaal̟-ka sarafóúl̟
"The boy has burnt melon pomace"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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The periphrastic TAs of Khőőtín:
The Future Perfective is formed by putting the verb <Mőzís> "To have" in the future form, and then having the verb as an infinitive, with the suffix -itoo/ítóó. Note that Mőzís is an irregular verb, being one of the few surviving strong verbs, in that it becomes <mözis> and is conjugated like a present-tense verb in the future. The AUX always comes between the subject and object, so the normal order is SAuxOV:
Mbózhaal̟-ka mözisu gefen sarafítóó
"The boy will have burnt melon pomace"

To form the habitual tenses, one uses the aux Mőzís in a special form, the habitual form, and the main verb is put in the proper tense's 3P Sing:
Habitual auxillary:
1P sing: Mőzíséí
1P plr: Mőzísóómó
2p sing: Mőzísík
2p plr: Mőzísaúk
3p sing: Mőzísúvú
3p plr: Mőzíső


Mbózhaal̟-ka mőzísúvú gefen sarafú
"The boy usually burns melon pomace"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Back to the proto-Lang:
Mood morphemes are inserted between the root and the TA marker. This, in the daughter languages often leads to "new" roots, based on lost moods.
The Interogative mood: -eti:b
The Hypotheical mood: -ʉr
The Energetic mood: -ɑsu:k
The Permissive Mood: -og͡bet
The Prohibitive mood: -ɨŋ͡moɕeuɳ
The necessitative mood: -ɑudi:ʈ
Imperative: ig͡bor

ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍeti:bɑr bɛsəməw
"Has the boy burnt the spices?"

ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍʉrɑr bɛsəməw
"The boy could have burnt the spices"

ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍɑsu:kɑr bɛsəməw
"Surely, the boy has burnt the spices"

ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍog͡betu: bɛsəməw
"The boy may burn the spices"


ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍɨŋ͡moɕeuɳu: bɛsəməw
"The boy may not burn the spices"

ⁿboɕɑw sɑrɑʍaudi:tu: bɛsəməw
"The boy must burn the spices"

sɑrɑʍibg͡bor bɛsəməw
"Burn the spices!
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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More protolang stuff:
The copula is ni:ɖɨɕ. It does not inflect for third person, in the plain non-future TA. It is a strong verb
There is also an emphatic copula, that acts like the energetic mood (the other moods just take the mood suffix), di:deut:

gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm ni:ɖɨɕi:
"I am a happy man"

gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm ni:ɖɨɕeiɖ
"I have been a happy man"

gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm di:deuti:
"I am indeed a happy man"

gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm ni:ɖɨɕʉri:
"I could be a happy man"

gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm nɪ:ɖəɕɪ:
"I will be a happy man"


kɑ ni:ɖɨɕ gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm
"He is a happy man"

kɑ ni:ɖɨɕɑ:ʂ gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm
"He has been a happy man"

kɑ ni:ɖɨɕʉr gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm
"He might be a happy man"

kɑ nɪ:ɖəɕʊ: gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm
"He will be a happy man"

kɑ di:deut gəⁿdorɪ:nɔŋʊ bɐrəɖəm
"He is indeed a happy man"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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More about the adjective in the Proto-lang:
Let's take the adjective ŋɑʂɑnu: gəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ: "Black", with the noun bɛsəm "Spice"
So the comparative is formed by the suffix /ⁿdi:/. Thus:
ŋɑʂɑnu: gəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊⁿdɪ: "Blacker"

To make a comparative sentence, one uses the contruction N COP COMP.ADJ N-PREP:
kɛ:ɖ bɛsəm ni:ɖɨɕ ŋɑʂɑnu: gəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊⁿdɪ: ɖɐ kɨm bɛsəmɵɳ
"This spice is blacker then that spice"

One can also form a "less ADJ than...." statement by replacing ɖɐ with /m͡ŋɪ:ɳ/:
kɛ:ɖ bɛsəm ni:ɖɨɕ ŋɑʂɑnu: gəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊⁿdɪ: m͡ŋɪ:ɳ kɨm bɛsəmɵɳ
"This spice is less black then that spice"

The superlative is comparative with a reduplicated second syllable:
ŋɑʂɑnu: gəxʷɐxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊⁿdɪ: bɛsəm
"Blackest spice"

Note that "lack of blackness" here means "Dark Gray or Blue", as Darker Grays and Blues are considered "Black". In many of the daughter cultures, a spice meant to be a certain color is considered "purer" and thus "better" and "prestigious" if closer to the "ideal version of the color"
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Adjectives in the Proto-lang have two more forms:
The Augmentive: Translates into English as "Very" Formed by the insertion of -ke- after the gɨ- prefix.
Plain Adjectives:
ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈə
"Red fruit"
ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəkɛxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈə
"Very red fruit"

The Moderative: Translates into English as "somewhat". Formed by the reduplication of the gɨ prefix:
ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəgəxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈə
"Somewhat red fruit"


Numbers:
1-10:
1 Mɔ
2 Bɑde
3. Tɑto
4. Nɐ
5. Tɐ:nɔ
6.Ruk
7. ɑsɲis
8. ɑtrɑiʈ
9. kɐʊ
10. g͡pip

The Decades are formed by treating the Number 3-9 as plural nouns:
30. Tatow
40. Nɐw
50. Tɐ:nɔw
60.Rukɑw
70. ɑsɲisɑw
80. ɑtrɑiʈɑw
90. kɐʊt

20 is special; as it forms from 10 as plural
20. g͡pipɑw

Numbers 11-19 are formed like so:
11. Mo odɨ g͡pip
12. Bɑde odɨ g͡pip
13 Tɑto odɨ g͡pip
etc.

Numbers between the decades are formed similiarly:

Bɑde odɨ g͡pipɑw
"22"

tɐtɔ ɔdə kɐʊt
"93"

Numbers 3+ require plurals:
ɑsɲis ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəkɛxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈəw
"Seven very red fruit"

Bɑde odɨ g͡pipɑw ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəkɛxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈəw
"22 very red fruit"

But Bɑde is the exception; the noun being singular:
Bɑde ⁿɖɔⁿbɛɪwʊ: gəkɛxʷɐhɔ:β̞ʊ g͡bɪɳʈə
"Two very red fruit"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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The Khőőtín copula undergoes suppletion based on tense. It declines fully, except the endings of the plain tenses is always present, and does not occur in the periphrastic tenses:
Past: Níl̟ísh
Present: Jídőt
Future: Nil̟ish

Baryl̟ym níl̟íshí
"I am a man"

Baryl̟yméél mbózha jídőtú
"The man was a boy"

Mbózhaal baryl̟ym nil̟ishu
"The boy will be a man"


Moods:
These are particles that come after a verb.
The Interogative mood: Échib
The Hypotheical mood: Ýr
The necessitative mood: Aújít̟

The Periphrastic moods and the imperative will be considered in a later post
Mbózhaal̟-ka gefen sarafóúl̟ échib?
"Has the boy burnt melon pomace?"

Mbózhaal̟-ka gefen sarafóúl̟ ýr.
"The boy might have burnt melon pomace.

Mbózhaal̟-ka gefen sarafóúl̟ aújít̟.
The boy must have burnt melon pomace.

Conditional sentences are formed by putting the protasis in the hypothetical, and the apodesis in the neccesative.
Mbózhaal̟-ka gefen sarafóúl̟ ýr, ngalaghaal̟ kakfókúb aújít̟
"If the boy has burnt melon pomace, the priest will chant [a prayer]"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

Post by Shemtov »

Ngasalu, a North Islandic language:
Sound changes:
To Proto-North
W=Labiovelar P=Labial R=Retroflex K=velar Č=alveo-palatal obstruent I=front unrounded vowel Y=Front rounded vowel V=Vowel

W>Pˠ
JI>JY
/ɕ/>/ʂ/
KI:>ČI
V:>V
/ʍ/>/fˠ/

Proto-North:
/p b ⁿb pˠ bˠ ⁿbˠ t d ⁿd ʈ ɖ ⁿɖ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ⁿd͡ʑ k g ⁿg /
/m mˠ n ɳ ŋ /
/fˠ s ʂ h/
/β̞ β̞ˠ ɹ~ɻ j /

'
/i y ɪ ʏ e ø ɛ œ ɨ ə ʉ ɵ u ʊ o ɔ ɑ ɐ/
/ɑi ɑy oi oy ei øy ɐɪ ɔɪ ɔʏ ɛɪ œʏ ɑu ou eu øu ɐʊ ɔʊ œʊ ɛʊ/

Proto-North splits into four subbranches: North Forest, Deltic, North Shore, and North Islandic.
To North Islandic:
R=Retroflex D=Dental Pˠ=Velarized Labials P=Plain Labials N=Prenaslized stop B=Voiced stop
/s/>/θ/
/ʂ/>/s/
/n/>/l/
R>D
Pˠi>Pɨ
Pˠɪ>Pə
Pˠy>Pʉ
Pˠʏ>Pɵ
Pˠɨ>Pɯ
Pˠə>Pɤ
Pˠʉ>Pu
Pˠɵ>Po
Pˠe>Pəɪ
Pˠɛ>Pɐ
Pˠø>Pɞɪ
Pˠœ>Pɒ̈
/ɑ ɐ/>ä
N>B
/β̞/>/v/


Proto-North Islandic:
/p b t d t͡ɕ d͡ʑ k g /
/m n ŋ /
/f v s h/
/ ɹ~ɻ lj /

'
/i y ɪ ʏ e ø ɛ œ ɨ ə ʉ ɵ u ʊ o ɔ ɯ ɤ ɒ̈ ä/
/äi äɪ äy äʏ oi oy ei øy ɔɪ ɔʏ ɛɪ œʏ ou eu øu äu äʊ ɔʊ œʊ ɛʊ əɪ ɞɪ /

To
+=+root vowel -=-root vowel
->+
/eu/>/ɯ/
ei>i
øy>y
ou>u
/əɪ ɞɪ />äi
v>f
θ>f
ʉ>u
ɤ>o
ɵ>o
ɹ>l
/ɒ̈/>/ä/
øu>ou>u

Ngasalu
/p b t d t͡ɕ d͡ʑ k g / <p b t d č ǰ k g>
/m n ŋ / <m n ng
/f s h/ <f s h>
/ l j / <l j>

'
/i y e ø ɨ ə u o ɯ ä/ <i ü e ö ý y u o ǔ a>
/äi äy oi oy äu/ <ai aü oi oü au>
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Ngasalu Nouns lack gender, and have definite and indefinite articles. The former is Seda in the singular, and Sýmǔ in the plural. The indefinite article is My in the singular, and Myf in the plural

Regular Noun "Balydym" "Man"
Nominative: Balydym
Accusative: Balydymý
Genitive: Balydymu
Prepositional: Balydymýn
Plural:
Nominative: Balydymaf
Accusative: Balydymif
Genitive: Balydymuf
Prepositional: Balydymfun
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Ngasalu verbs have plain tenses, though one tense takes a mood. All the aspects and the future are made by auxillaries. They will not be discussed here.
Regular verb "Samfuf" "To see"

Non-Past:
1P sing: Samfufi
1P plr: Samfufin
2p sing: Samfufik
2p plr: Samfufak
3p sing: Samfufu
3p plr: Samfufe

Witnessed past:
1P sing: Samfufid
1P plr: Samfufon
2p sing: Samfufitak
2p plr: Samfufatak
3p sing: Samfufal
3p plr: Samfufas

Reported past:
1P sing: Samfufidi
1P plr: Samfufun
2p sing: Samfufidik
2p plr: Samfufadak
3p sing: Samfufudi
3p plr: Samfufis
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Ngasalu sentences:
My balydym samfufu sýmǔ bobonejif
"A man is looking at the girls"

My balydym saamfufal sýmǔ bobonejif
"A man looked at the girls"

My balydym saamfufal sýmǔ bobonejif adý patýn
"A man looked at the girls at the river"


Samfufadak sýmǔ bobonejif adý patýn!
"I heard you were looking at the girls at the river!"
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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The Ngasalu future is formed by using the aux verb Buktal, with the infinative, which is formed by the plain root.:
Buktali samfuf seda bobonejý
"I will see the girl"

Buktal can also be used with the past tenses for future-in-the-past:
Buktalid samfuf seda bobonejý
"I was going to see the girl"

The copula is didǔt in the present, and lidis in the pasts:
Didǔti Balydym
"I am a man"

Lidisitak bobone
"You were a girl"

Lidis is used as an aux. for the past perfects:
Lisisid samfuf seda bobonejý
"I have seen the girl"

Balydym lidisudi samfuf seda bobonejý
"They say the man has seen the girl"

Didǔt is used to form future perfectives:
Didǔti samfuf seda bobonejý
"I will have seen the girl"
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Ngasalu pronouns have the same cases as regular nouns, except the Prepositional is descended from the PR Dative. 2P does not distinguish number:
1P sing:
Nom: Nga
Accusative: Ngý
Prepositional: : Ngas
Genitive: Ngu

1P plr:
Nom: Ngaf
Accusative: Ngýf
Prepositional: : Ngasfun
Genitive: Nguf

2P sing:
Nom: Ta
Accusative: Tý
Prepositional: Tas
Genitive: Tu




3P sing:
Nom: Ka
Accusative: Ký
Prepositional: Kas
Genitive: Ku



3P plural:
Nom: Fa
Accusative: Fý
Prepositional: Fas
Genitive: Fu


Buktali samfuf tý.
"I will see you"

The first and second person pronouns are rarely used in the Nominative. When they do it is for emphasis:
Nga buktali samfuf tý.
"I will be the one to see you"


Another strategy is to use the ergative contruction, where the agent is in the Prepositional, and the verb inflects for the object. In older speakers, this gives the sentence an energetic modality, but this strategy is replacing the Nom pronoun one in younger speakers. It is likely that in the future, this language will lose 1 and 2P nom pronouns.
Compare:
Nga buktali samfuf seda bobonejý
"It is I who will see the girl"

seda bobonejý buktalu samfuf ngas
"It is I who will indeed see the girl"
or:
"It is I who will see the girl"
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Re: Rɨdk͡pɑtian Family

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Two more Ngasalu aspectual auxillires:
The aux Paiǰik means to "go" on its on, but as an aux, it has an inchoative meaning:
Paiǰiki samfuf seda bobonejý
"I am starting to watch the girl"

The aux Dofǔl means "to come" on its own, but as an aux, has a cessative meaning:
Dofǔli samfuf seda bobonejý
"I am stopping watching the girl"
Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write.
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