Grammar
Dictionary
Phonology
Consonants
/p t k/ p t k
/b d g/ bb dd gg
/t͡s t͡ʃ/ c ch
/d͡z d͡ʒ/ dz j
/ɸ θ s ʃ x/ f th s sh h
/β ð z ʒ ɣ/ b d z zh g
/m n ŋ/ m n ng
/r l/ r l
/j w/ y w
Vowels
/i u/ i u
/e o/ e o
/ɛ ɔ/ è ò
/a/ a
Diphthongs
/ai ei ɛi oi ɔi ui/ ai ei èi oi òi ui
/au eu ɛu ou ɔu iu/ au eu èu ou òu iu
/ae ie oe ue/ ae ie oe ue
/aɛ iɛ ɔɛ uɛ/ aè iè òè uè
/ao eo io uo/ ao eo io uo
/aɔ ɛɔ iɔ uɔ/ aò èò iò uò
/ea ɛa ia oa ɔa ua/ ea èa ia oa òa ua
Phonotactics
CVC
Processes and sound changes
1. Lenition (I. Phase):
p t k → b d g V_V, V_[rlmn]V
[+plosive tenuis₁] + [+plosive tenuis₂] → [plosive voiced₁] + [plosive voiced₂]
b d g → β ð ɣ (all non-geminated and in non-final position in consonantal cluster voiced plosives)
bb dd gg → b d g
2. Metathesis of liquids in clusters:
/Cr Cl Cn Cm Cŋ/ → /rC lC nC mC ŋC/ V_V
3. Assimilation of nasal consonants to following consonants:
/n ŋ/ + labial consonant → m
/m ŋ/ + alveolar consonant → n
/m n/ + velar consonant → ŋ
4. Fricatization of plosives and affricates before fricatives
t t͡s + sibilant → ss
d d͡z + sibilant → zz
t t͡ʃ + sibilant → ʃʃ ss
d d͡ʒ + sibilant → ʒʒ zz
5. Assimilation of dental and alveolar fricatives to each other:
sθ zð → θθ ðð → θ ð
θs ðz → ss zz
6. Merger of /s z/ with a plosive before /r l m n ŋ/, word-initially and word-finally (only in loanwords):
sp zb → ɸ β
st zd → θ ð
sk zg → x ɣ
7. Breaking of triconsonantal clusters with /r l m n ŋ/ as third consonant (only in loanwords):
CCR → CCòR
8. Simplification of clusters with nasal as first element and plosive/affricate/fricative as second after diphthongs with /i u/ as second element:
shaino/shaine 'light (adj.)' + fuore 'feather' → shaibuore 'light feather'
9. Breaking of long vowels (only in loanwords):
ɒː → ɔ̯a
aː → ɛ̯a
eː → i̯ɛ
iː → i̯e
oː → u̯ɔ
uː → u̯o
10. Breaking of high vowels before /r l m n ŋ/ (also in loanwords):
a). Under accent:
i u → ie uo
b). Other positions
i u → ai au
The change is blocked by some diphthongs.
11. Rising of non-high vowels before /r l m n ŋ/ (also in loanwords):
e o → i u
ɛ ɔ → e o
a → ɔ
The change is blocked by some diphthongs.
Allophony
1. Palatalization of all consonants before front vowels /i e ɛ/.
2. Labialization of all consonants before back vowels /u o ɔ/.
3. Voiced plosives in word-final position are pronounced as partially voiced.
Accent
Stress accent on penultimate syllable.
Nouns
Gender
Masculine -o òrgo 'wolf' mano 'man, male human' riodo 'word'
Feminine -e òrge 'she-wolf' mane 'woman, female human' haure 'blood'
Number
Singular - mòno 'man'
Dual -sh mònosh 'two men'
Plural -i mònoi 'men'
Case
1. Nominative - òrgo 'wolf'
2. Genitive -r/-ar òrgur 'of wolf'
3. Instrumental -m/-am òrgum 'with/by wolf'
Demonstrative particles
Indefinite na òrgo 'a wolf'
Definite proper sa òrgo 'this wolf'
Definite distant la òrgo 'that wolf'
Verbs
Voice
Active - did- 'to see'
Passive -me- dimed- 'to be seen'
Causative -ra- dirad- 'to show'
Passive-Causative -be- dibed- 'to be shown'
Tense
Past remote -la- dilda- 'to see long ago'
Past proper -na- dinda- 'to see recently'
Present - did- 'to see (in present)'
Future proper -sa- dicca- (from *did-sa-) 'will to see soon'
Future remote -sha- dichcha- (from *did-sha-) 'will to see in remote future'
Aspect
Imperfective - did- 'to see (action is non-performed)'
Iterative -ba- didba- 'to see many times'
Perfective -ta- ditta- 'to see (action is performed)'
Perfective (formed from dental roots) -az- guotazòne 'puting in order'
Person
Singular Plural
1. -(a)yò -(ò)mè
2. -(a)h -(a)gè
3. -0 -(t)è
Non-finite forms
Infinite -(a)s
Gerund -(ò)ne
Adjectival participle -(a)ko/-(a)ke
Adverbial participle -(a)ka
In the language exist two classes of gerunds. Difference between the two classes is to distinguish in the formation of aspects.
1. normal root's endings - perine 'denying, negating' (imperfective) : peretòne 'the same' (perfective)
2. root's ending on dental consonant -az- guotòne 'series, collection' (perfective) : guotazòne 'puting in order'
Adjectives
Positive - bosh- 'good'
Comparative -iòr- boshiòr- 'better'
Superlative -tòm- boshtòm- 'best'
Adverbs
Positive - bosha 'well'
Comparative -yar- boshiòra 'better'
Superlative -tam- boshtòma 'best'
Numerals
1. or
2. nui
3. sòlai
4. haskui
5. kuònti
6. thorhi
7. herni
8. maodi
9. maègen
10. taisen
11. taisen or
20. nui taisen
21. nui taisen or
100. gaslai
101. gaslai or
110. gaslai taisen
111. gaslai taisen or
120. gaslai nui taisen
121. gaslai nui taisen or
1.000. ardai
10.000. taisen ardai
100.000. gaslai ardai
1.000.000. tuarai
Ordinal -k- org- 'first'
Distributive -ma- nuima- 'every second'
Multiple -lain- orlain- 'singular'
Multiplicative -rind- nuirind- 'double'
Rankinging -kèrt- orkèrt- 'corking'
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
1. mè mèsh mèi
2. suo sush sui
3. òn ònash òni
Possessive pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
1. mèh- unk- mas-
2. suoh- sha- thas-
3. ònh- ònsh- òns-
Correlative pronouns
Definite proper demonstrative
Place sath 'here'
Source èksath 'from here'
Purpose direction kèsath 'to here'
Path satath 'this way'
Time sachai 'now'
Method san 'in this way'
Quantity sòra 'so much'
Qualify sòma 'like this here'
Reason sautu 'for this reason'
Definite distant demonstrative
Place tath 'there'
Source ègdath 'from there'
Purpose direction kètath 'to there, so far'
Path tatath 'that way'
Time tachai 'then'
Method tan 'in that way'
Qualify tòma 'like that'
Reason tautu 'for that reason'
Indefinite demonstrative
Place nath 'somewhere'
Source ègnath 'from somewhere'
Purpose direction kènath 'to somewhere'
Path natath 'some way'
Method nan 'in some way'
Qualify nòma 'like something'
Reason nautu 'for some reason'
Interrogative / Relative
Human being ka 'who ? which ?'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being ca 'what ? which ?'
Place kath 'where ?'
Source èggath 'whence ?'
Purpose direction kègath 'whither ?'
Path katath 'which way ?'
Time kachai 'when ?'
Method kòn 'how ?'
Quantity kòra 'how much ?'
Qualify kòma 'which one ?'
Reason kautu 'why ?'
Indefinite
Human being kashi 'someone'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being cashi 'something'
Place kashith 'somewhere'
Source èggashith 'from somewhere'
Purpose direction kèkashith 'to somewhere'
Path kashtath 'via some way'
Time kashchai 'once'
Method kashin 'somehow'
Quantity kashòra 'somehow much'
Qualify kashutu 'some'
Unlimited
Human being mokashi 'anyone'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being mocashi 'anything'
Place mokashith 'anywhere'
Source ègmokashith 'from anywhere'
Purpose direction kèmokashith 'to anywhere'
Path mokashtath 'via any way'
Time mokashchai 'ever'
Method mokashin 'anyhow'
Quantity mokashòra 'anyhow much'
Qualify mokashutu 'any'
Negative
Human being neka 'nobody'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being neca 'nothing'
Place nekath 'nowhere'
Source ègnekath 'from nowhere'
Purpose direction kènekath 'to nowhere'
Path nekatath 'no way'
Time nekachai 'never'
Method nekòn 'nohow'
Quantity nekòra 'nothing'
Qualify nekautu 'neuter, indistinct'
Universal
Human being maoka 'every'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being mao 'every, all'
Place maoth 'everywhere'
Source ègmaoth 'from everywhere'
Purpose direction kèmaoth 'to everywhere'
Path maotath 'through all ways'
Time maochai 'always'
Method maon 'in all methods'
Quantity maòra 'otherwise than so many'
Qualify maotu 'any'
Alternative
Human being kayasha 'anyone else'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being cayasha 'anything else'
Place kayashath 'elswhere'
Source èggayashath 'from elswhere'
Purpose direction kèkayashath 'to elswhere'
Path kayashatath 'which way else'
Time kayashachai 'when else'
Method kayashòn 'otherwise'
Qualify yashtu 'other'
Reflexive, Reciprocal and Cooperative pronouns
Reflexive sha
Reciprocal nosh
Cooperative not
shah- reflexive possessive pronoun
Prepositions
Spatials and directionals
Spatial position is described by adding of a nominals in Instrumental case, and direction by adding Genitive.
no - in, inside
ta - on
bòn - above
ga - under
kèshi - beside
bah - away
diaka - between
the - behind
ya - out
nopala - around
tongo - before, opposite to
nochale - during, in time of
sho - after
kè - to
bi - towards
èh - from
Other prepositions
er - for (Genitive)
de - with (Instrumental)
ina - in time, while (Instrumental)
fa - by (Genitive)
ro - through, across (Genitive)
ba - without (Genitive)
tathama - instead (Genitive)
biongo - against (Genitive)
gocha - despite, though (Genitive)
èhòlo - along to, according to (Genitive)
òn - like (all cases)
fò - as (all cases)
Particles
Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative ò 'and'
Conjunctive abe 'also'
Disjunctive kah 'or'
Contrastive, exceptional ai 'but'
Consequentive ri 'so'
Comparative koi 'than'
Resultative gi 'that'
Hypotactical conjunctions
bu - to, for
basha - althought
dah - because
ao - if
be - that, providing
Modifiers.
Restrictive òra 'only'
Additive eske 'yet'
Intensifiers (for adjectives and adverbs)
Weak ce bosh- 'little/some/weakly good'
Strong za bosh- 'very good'
Polarity particles.
Affirmative yò 'yes'
Negative ne 'no'
Modal particles
Imperative a !
Conditional bai to would
Potentional nin to might
Eventive chah to could
Obligative hel to must
Necessitative net to need
Jussive wen to should
Optative mah to wish
Desiderative kais to want
Dubitative kou to doubt
Hypothetical mie maybe, perhaps
Permissive tol to let, to permit
Precative pòri to request, to please, to ask
Abilitive ioch to can
Originative tas to begin
Probabilative nak probably
Inchoative gun to start, to begin
Conative bain to try
Terminative naeth to end, to finnish
Volitional particle
Volition iush cheriò 'I am listenning (carefully)'
Evidential particles
Visual - cherah 'Thou art hearing (speaker has direct evidence, probably visual)'
Non-Visual zahi cherah 'supposedly Thou art hearing (speaker felt sensation)'
Inferential nohi cherah 'probably Thou art hearing (speaker saw circumstantial evidence)'
Syntax
Word order
SOV
IntSOV
SONegV
Head position
The language is head-final.
Copular verbs
Translative we-s 'to become'
Essive hi-s 'to be'
Excessive tha-s 'cease to exist'
Noun case in using
1. Nominative (-Ø)
- basal (lexical) form, it is naming a things
- subject of intransitive clauses
- agent of transitive clauses
- donor of ditransitive clauses
2. Genitive (-r)
- patient of transitive clause
- recipient of ditransitive clause
- possessor
- directions
- used with locative prepositions means locative directions
- used with various prepositions
- cause, reason (with ablatival preposition èh)
3. Instrumental (-m)
- tool, instrument
- way, method
- accompaniament
- theme of ditransitive clause
- predicative form
- used with locative prepositions means location
Anticausative
Anticausative is created with reflexive pronoun or with passive voice.
Impersonal construction
This construction is created with adding adverbial ending to verbal stem.
wes {we-} 'to become' → wea
Constructions with modal particles
naeth '(to) end'
Òn naeth sa magge. - He finishes this work.
(Òn) Naeth magga. - He finishes working.
Òn naeth da. - He is finishing (doing).
Ditransitive constructions
Petro (shahim) chethim Paulur ead. - Peter gives (his) hand to Paul.
Paulo chethim kè Petrur noca. - Paul gets (a) hand from Peter.
Petrur chethe fa Paulur nocalatake. - Peter's hand received by Paul.
Word Formation
Derivation
Noun to noun
Diminutive -in- bòste 'star' → bòstiene 'little star'
Augmentative -add- taòbe 'mountain' → taòbadde 'grand mountain'
Contradiction ne- mòno 'man' → nemòno 'non-man, non-human being'
Similarity -aesh- òrie 'sun' → òriaeshe 'pseudo-sun'
Half fol- òrgo 'wolf' → folòrgo 'half-wolf, wolf-dog (a kind of dog)'
Related abstract I -(a)ste mòno 'man' → mònaste 'humanity'
Related abstract II -(a)de miero 'king' → mierade 'kingdom'
Related person -(a)ch- kuobe 'cow' → kuobacho/kuobache 'cowman, cattle grazer'
Proffesion -mò-r- shòrgge 'slaughter' → shòrggamòro 'slaughterman, butcher'
Related object -im- lieche 'meat' → liechimo 'muscle'
Place -(a)bate kèto 'fire' → kètabate 'campfire'
Collection of living beings -(ò)rge fiemo 'bird' → fiemòrge 'fowl'
Collection of inanimate things -(ò)le fuore 'feather' → fuoròle 'feathers'
Part, fragment of smth -(ò)mbe baire 'war' → bairòmbe 'war episode'
Home, house -Vr-gusho themo 'god, deity' → thengusho (← *themorgusho) 'church, temple'
Collabourer, participant de- gushach- 'inmate' → degushach- 'co-inmate'
Whole, all mao- did- 'to see' → maodinde (← *mao-did-me) 'panorama'
Follower fòr- baire 'war' → fòrbairji 'pro-war'
Antagonist bi- baire 'war' → bibaire 'anti-war'
State -abbe òrgo 'wolf' → òrgabbe 'land of wolves'
Science -Vr-bòne kiele 'language' → kielirbòne 'linguistics'
Craft, art -(a)cha-ste zhorge 'gold' → zhorgachaste 'goldsmiths'
Noun to adjective
Originative -(a)k- dòngo 'sky' → dòngak- 'celestial'
Similaritive -aesh-k- perso 'horse' → persaeshk- 'equine'
Feature -(a)t- zhieho 'hair' → zhiehat- 'hairy'
Lack ne- tuodo 'tooth' → netuod- 'toothless'
Noun to verb
State or process -eh- Ruomake 'Roman' → Ruomakehiò 'I am romanizing'
Verb to verb
Opposite ga- pioras 'to create' → gapioras 'to destroy'
Reaction zo- abbas 'to hit, to strike, to beat' → zoabbas 'to repel attack'
Inside no- abbas 'to hit, to strike, to beat' → noabbas 'to stick, to pierce'
Outside bah- abbas 'to hit, to strike, to beat' → bahabbas 'to knock out'
Again re- abbas 'to hit, to strike, to beat' → reabbas 'to bounce, to retrieve'
Gradual kor- sèthas 'to move' → korsèthas 'to move gradually'
Intensive zè- guilas 'to kill' → zèguilas 'to murder'
Pejorative na- abbas 'to hit, to strike, to beat' → naabbas 'to beat (pejoratively)'
Verb to noun
Agentive -(a)ch- kieles 'to speak' → kielch- 'speaker'
Experiencer, adressee -(a)ch- aukes 'to teach self' → aumegjo 'disciple'
Animal -e/-o raubas 'to roar' → raubo 'lion'
Result -e/-o duomas 'to fall' → duomo 'fall'
Instance -re baes 'to war' → baire 'war'
Instrument -lo bias 'to beat' → biòlo 'hammer'
Place -(a)bate
Verb to adjective
Potentional -(ò)ng- kielang- 'pronouncable'
Resultative -(a)c- didac- 'evident'
Feature -(a)t- nedat- 'needed'
Compounds
biego/biege 'great' + miero 'king' → biengiero 'emperor'
mòlge 'milk' + kaebbe 'way, path, road' → mòlgakaebbe 'Milky Way'
Amaggan
Re: Amaggan
Nice project!
It looks very thoroughly done. Glossed clausal examples would be clarifying.
Nominalizations are interesting. Are they grammatical, non-finite verb forms or just a way deriving new lexemes?
How obligatory evidentiality marking is?
It looks very thoroughly done. Glossed clausal examples would be clarifying.
Nominalizations are interesting. Are they grammatical, non-finite verb forms or just a way deriving new lexemes?
How obligatory evidentiality marking is?
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
- Artaxes
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- Posts: 416
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- Location: The Holy Eastern Empire of the Old Traditions
- Contact:
Re: Amaggan
Bashe ò persoi
Bashe ta dumbim, ka ba lòafir, persoir dildata; oro kaddur buzur porlata, nuiko biegir cheggir lielddata, ò sòlaiko mònur pesha bulzata. Bashe kè persoir kiellata: "Bòlbe mèhe beh didaka kar mòno bòz das kè persoir." Persoi kiellata: "A iush cherah, bashe, bòlbei ònsi behè, kachai didòmè, kòn mòno, dòno, bahkòr suohir lòafir er shahir lèauthur. Ò bashe ba lòafir." Cherlataka ònòr, bashe ro hòrmòmir dolbbata.
[βaʃe ta ðumβim ka βa lɔ̯afir persoi̯r ðilðata oro kadur βuzur porlata nui̯ko βi̯eɣir t͡ʃegir li̯eldata ɔ sɔlai̯ko mɔnur peʃa βulzata βaʃe kɛ persoi̯r ki̯ellata "βolβe mɛxe βex didaka kar mɔno βɔz ðas kɛ persoi̯r" persoi̯ ki̯ellata "a i̯uʃ t͡ʃerax βaʃe βɔlβei̯ ɔnsi βexɛ kat͡ʃai̯ ðiðɔmɛ kɔn mɔno ðɔno βaxkɔr su̯oxer lɔ̯afir er ʃaxir lɛ̯au̯θur ɔ βaʃe βa lɔ̯afir" t͡ʃerlataka ɔnɔr βaʃe ro hɔrmɔmir ðolbata]
Nominalizations aren't grammatical, because they don't always stick to one pattern.
Evidentiality is marked by particles only if are needed.
Bashe ta dumbim, ka ba lòafir, persoir dildata; oro kaddur buzur porlata, nuiko biegir cheggir lielddata, ò sòlaiko mònur pesha bulzata. Bashe kè persoir kiellata: "Bòlbe mèhe beh didaka kar mòno bòz das kè persoir." Persoi kiellata: "A iush cherah, bashe, bòlbei ònsi behè, kachai didòmè, kòn mòno, dòno, bahkòr suohir lòafir er shahir lèauthur. Ò bashe ba lòafir." Cherlataka ònòr, bashe ro hòrmòmir dolbbata.
[βaʃe ta ðumβim ka βa lɔ̯afir persoi̯r ðilðata oro kadur βuzur porlata nui̯ko βi̯eɣir t͡ʃegir li̯eldata ɔ sɔlai̯ko mɔnur peʃa βulzata βaʃe kɛ persoi̯r ki̯ellata "βolβe mɛxe βex didaka kar mɔno βɔz ðas kɛ persoi̯r" persoi̯ ki̯ellata "a i̯uʃ t͡ʃerax βaʃe βɔlβei̯ ɔnsi βexɛ kat͡ʃai̯ ðiðɔmɛ kɔn mɔno ðɔno βaxkɔr su̯oxer lɔ̯afir er ʃaxir lɛ̯au̯θur ɔ βaʃe βa lɔ̯afir" t͡ʃerlataka ɔnɔr βaʃe ro hɔrmɔmir ðolbata]
Thanks !
Nominalizations aren't grammatical, because they don't always stick to one pattern.
Evidentiality is marked by particles only if are needed.
Last edited by Artaxes on 13 Nov 2018 23:30, edited 1 time in total.
- Artaxes
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Re: Amaggan
Òriere fa Themum piomertake (World created by God)
No gunadim, Themo dòngur ò gèmir piorlata. Ò Gème baliòddim ò hòrum hila: mòraste bòn babièmim òchir riohim, ò Themur Tholo bòn òcheim hèsla sha.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Shaule a we !" Ò welata shaule. Themo didaka be shaule hi boshe, èh mòrastir ònòr bahdellata. Ò Themo shaulir iathum hiòrlata.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - orgo iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Hèapòne no òcheir sienddim a fòraye ò òn orei òchei èh nuikei a bahdele !" Sa Hèapònir agilataka, Themo òchei ga hèapònim èh òcheir bòn hèapònim bahdellata; ò kachai ri welata, Themo ònòr hèapònir dòngum hiòrlata.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - nuiko iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Òchei dega dòngur no oròr thieler a iush bier ò hoce riohe a dirad sha !" Ò kachai ri wea sha, Themo la hocir riohir gèmim hiòrlata, ò òcheir bieròlir hashim hiòrlata. Themo didaka be boshei hila, kiellata: "Gème zhòrneir zhelaweir a eacata: torzhei sheiheir eadakei, hòwo jaudei hòwoir ta gèmim èhòlo shaheir rasheir guònkeir, no còm sheihei hie." Ò wea sha ri. Gème zhòrneir zhelaweir eacata: torzheir sheheir èhòlo shahir magiòrir eadakir ò jaudeir hòwoir guònkeir, no cam sheihe èhòlo ònsòr magiòrir hila. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - sòlaiko iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Dòngo holbei a fòraye, shaulakei ta dòngur hèapòne, gi iathur èh ruinir bahdelas, gi iòdur shaebei, iathoi ò iòdoi nairagas; gi shaulakeim holbeim ta dòngur hèòponim ò gi bòn gèmim shaulas." Ò wea sha ri. Themo nui biegeir shaulakeir holbeir: biegiòre, gi iathum mieras, ò mieniòre, gi ruinir mieras, ò bòsteir. Ò Themo ònòr ta dòngur hèapònim thielelhata, gi bòn gèmim shaulas; gi iathur ò ruinir mieras ò shaule èh mòrastir bahdelas. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - haskuiko iatho.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Òchei èh ièbakir hierir suarthir a suathe sha, ò fiemòrge bòn gèmim a ped, ga dòngur hèapònim !" Ri Themo biegir hashir bòagdur ò maur rashir kuòlkeir ièbakeir hiereir piorlata, còm òchei sualthatae sha, ò maur hairacur rashir peldatir fiemòrgir. Themo didaka be boshe hilae, ònòr ònium riodum boshònaelmata: "Lombaceim a higè ò a bièrar sha, gi hashir òcheir nofuras, ò fiemòrge ta gèmim a nobièr sha.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - kuòntiko iatho.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Gème hairacir rashir ièbakir hierir a ead: hiòlo, pilgakoir magdoir ò bazdoir magdoir èhòlo ònsòr rasheir !" Ò wea ri. Themo hairaceir rasheir bazdoir magdoir agilata, maoir pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae. Ò no naeth Themo kiellata: "Mònur ta masir hèòmir a agesata, aeshur mèir. Bòn hashir hòlbim, bòn aòhir fiemòrgim, bòn hiòlum, bòn gèmim ò bòn maoim pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir a ròmsa !"
Themo miònir ta shahir hèòmir ri piorlata,
ta Themur hèòmir ònòr piorlata:
mònur ò mònir piorlata.
Sho còm Themo ònier boshònaelma, kè ònier kiellaka: "Lombaceim a higè ò a nobièrgè sha, gi gèmir nofèadehas ò er shòr hèmepsèkir agetas; gi bòn hashir hòlbeim, bòn aòhir fiemòrgim ò bòn maoir pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir." Ò Themo kiellata: "Òna maokim zhelawim nohèsakim kiesim ta sòdim gèmim suir eadiò, ò maokim jaudim, kòm hòwo no shòr sheihir nòm: òni erazhim er suir hisae. Ò er maokur fòlo magdur ò er maokir fiemòrgir no aòhim, ò er maor ca sèth sha ta gèmim, ò no shòr ièbir orgòmir, maoke zhòrne torzhe erazhim hisa." Ò wea sha ri. Ò Themo dilda be mao ca agilata za boshim hila.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - thorhiko iatho.
La nodim dòngo ò gème ò maoi ònòr horddei naeth hilatae.
Ò kachai Themo shahir amegir no thorhikum iathum òn naeth dalata, no herniem iathum sho shahim sòdim bazgòrim kòn kòrlata bastelhata. Tachai Themo la hernier iathur boshònaelmata ò mainum ònòr agilata; dah no la iathum sho shahim sòdim maggim ka piorlataka agilata.
Òna gunadeir kazòmei sho dòngur ò gèmir piortònim hie.
No gunadim, Themo dòngur ò gèmir piorlata. Ò Gème baliòddim ò hòrum hila: mòraste bòn babièmim òchir riohim, ò Themur Tholo bòn òcheim hèsla sha.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Shaule a we !" Ò welata shaule. Themo didaka be shaule hi boshe, èh mòrastir ònòr bahdellata. Ò Themo shaulir iathum hiòrlata.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - orgo iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Hèapòne no òcheir sienddim a fòraye ò òn orei òchei èh nuikei a bahdele !" Sa Hèapònir agilataka, Themo òchei ga hèapònim èh òcheir bòn hèapònim bahdellata; ò kachai ri welata, Themo ònòr hèapònir dòngum hiòrlata.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - nuiko iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Òchei dega dòngur no oròr thieler a iush bier ò hoce riohe a dirad sha !" Ò kachai ri wea sha, Themo la hocir riohir gèmim hiòrlata, ò òcheir bieròlir hashim hiòrlata. Themo didaka be boshei hila, kiellata: "Gème zhòrneir zhelaweir a eacata: torzhei sheiheir eadakei, hòwo jaudei hòwoir ta gèmim èhòlo shaheir rasheir guònkeir, no còm sheihei hie." Ò wea sha ri. Gème zhòrneir zhelaweir eacata: torzheir sheheir èhòlo shahir magiòrir eadakir ò jaudeir hòwoir guònkeir, no cam sheihe èhòlo ònsòr magiòrir hila. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - sòlaiko iatho.
Ò tachai Themo kiellata: "Dòngo holbei a fòraye, shaulakei ta dòngur hèapòne, gi iathur èh ruinir bahdelas, gi iòdur shaebei, iathoi ò iòdoi nairagas; gi shaulakeim holbeim ta dòngur hèòponim ò gi bòn gèmim shaulas." Ò wea sha ri. Themo nui biegeir shaulakeir holbeir: biegiòre, gi iathum mieras, ò mieniòre, gi ruinir mieras, ò bòsteir. Ò Themo ònòr ta dòngur hèapònim thielelhata, gi bòn gèmim shaulas; gi iathur ò ruinir mieras ò shaule èh mòrastir bahdelas. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - haskuiko iatho.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Òchei èh ièbakir hierir suarthir a suathe sha, ò fiemòrge bòn gèmim a ped, ga dòngur hèapònim !" Ri Themo biegir hashir bòagdur ò maur rashir kuòlkeir ièbakeir hiereir piorlata, còm òchei sualthatae sha, ò maur hairacur rashir peldatir fiemòrgir. Themo didaka be boshe hilae, ònòr ònium riodum boshònaelmata: "Lombaceim a higè ò a bièrar sha, gi hashir òcheir nofuras, ò fiemòrge ta gèmim a nobièr sha.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - kuòntiko iatho.
Tachai Themo kiellata: "Gème hairacir rashir ièbakir hierir a ead: hiòlo, pilgakoir magdoir ò bazdoir magdoir èhòlo ònsòr rasheir !" Ò wea ri. Themo hairaceir rasheir bazdoir magdoir agilata, maoir pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir. Ò Themo dilda be boshei hilae. Ò no naeth Themo kiellata: "Mònur ta masir hèòmir a agesata, aeshur mèir. Bòn hashir hòlbim, bòn aòhir fiemòrgim, bòn hiòlum, bòn gèmim ò bòn maoim pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir a ròmsa !"
Themo miònir ta shahir hèòmir ri piorlata,
ta Themur hèòmir ònòr piorlata:
mònur ò mònir piorlata.
Sho còm Themo ònier boshònaelma, kè ònier kiellaka: "Lombaceim a higè ò a nobièrgè sha, gi gèmir nofèadehas ò er shòr hèmepsèkir agetas; gi bòn hashir hòlbeim, bòn aòhir fiemòrgim ò bòn maoir pilgakoir ta gèmim magdoir." Ò Themo kiellata: "Òna maokim zhelawim nohèsakim kiesim ta sòdim gèmim suir eadiò, ò maokim jaudim, kòm hòwo no shòr sheihir nòm: òni erazhim er suir hisae. Ò er maokur fòlo magdur ò er maokir fiemòrgir no aòhim, ò er maor ca sèth sha ta gèmim, ò no shòr ièbir orgòmir, maoke zhòrne torzhe erazhim hisa." Ò wea sha ri. Ò Themo dilda be mao ca agilata za boshim hila.
Ò tan bòrage ò nouro pelhalata - thorhiko iatho.
La nodim dòngo ò gème ò maoi ònòr horddei naeth hilatae.
Ò kachai Themo shahir amegir no thorhikum iathum òn naeth dalata, no herniem iathum sho shahim sòdim bazgòrim kòn kòrlata bastelhata. Tachai Themo la hernier iathur boshònaelmata ò mainum ònòr agilata; dah no la iathum sho shahim sòdim maggim ka piorlataka agilata.
Òna gunadeir kazòmei sho dòngur ò gèmir piortònim hie.