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I think the problem here more or less just has to do with where in Russia place Chechnya, i.e. the European side or the Asian side. Most Western maps place Chechnya within European Russia while a minority don't include any of Russia in Europe at all, defining it entirely as an Asian state. According to one map on Wikipedia showing divisions between Asia and Europe, the Russian state places Chechnya within the Asian sectors, apparently in place since the mid-18th Century marked out by the Kuma-Manych Depression.

So, in general "no" would, IMO, be an acceptable answer if one were to leave out disputed regions of the European territories. After that, the answer depends on where you place the divide. MrKrov, as with the Kuma-Manych Depression divide and a few others, doesn't, thus the answer is "no". Sano does, thus the answer is "yes". IMO, though, the fact that the exact location of Chechnya either within Europe and Asia iis disputed means there will equally be disputes over either answer.

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You can tell the same lie a thousand times,
But it never gets any more true,
So close your eyes once more and once more believe
That they all still believe in you.
Just one time.

Sangi,

You make an extremely fair point, and considering that the question itself "Is there a European language which has uvular stops?" is very open ended in that "European" is a geographic term more than a linguistic one (except of course for IE or PIE), it stands to reason that conflicting answers might result.

Thanks for the answers. It occurred to me as well that Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) also has /q/, and while Greenland is geographically closer to North America, it its politically European owing to its Danish rulership.

Does the German word 'ziemlich' have anything to do with the English word 'timely'?

Wiktionary says to compare with Old Norse 'bysna-', but it doesn't say why.

The Grimm Dictionary suggests an original meaning of 'ziemlich' as 'honestus, decens' in Latin and the Old English words 'dafen' and 'dafenlic' seem to fit this meaning, but not 'timlice'.

English timely is derived from 'time'. German ziemlich is derived from 'ziemen' which is related to the IE word for house/build. So no, not related.

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Do you know some where i can find documentation on adverbs , or languages wich do not difference them from nouns or verbs?

What are the main functional differences between the desiderative and optative moods?

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from the wiki: Whereas the optative expresses hopes, the desiderative mood expresses wishes and desires. Desires are what we want to be the case; hope generally implies optimism toward the chances of a desire's fulfillment. If someone desires something but is pessimistic about its chances of occurring, then one desires it but does not hope for it.

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Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.

Although, linguistical terms are only the names we made up for certain things. If two languages have a mood the linguistics named optative it doesn't actually mean these moods are the same. Optative is just the most common term used for moods that have something to do with hopes/wishes/desires. But if we take Ancient Greek for instance, the optative does much more than just express a wish. It can indeed express a wish that can be accomplished (Optativus Cupitativus), it can express a possibility, humble opinion or request (Optativus Potentialis), it can also be uses in stead of a subjunctive or indicative in some constructions. Now all these functions are used in different constructions, but they all use the same mood, that some linguist called optative. I doubt any other language has a mood that is exactly the same.

My point is, the linguistical term for a certain thing only vaguely expresses its meaning. The specific use of all the moods found throughout the worlds languages that have been named 'optative' will be different. I doubt whether there is a real difference between the optative and the desirative, some linguist just didn't want to call a certain mood in a certain language optative, maybe he had a good reason too, maybe he was researching some language that actually had two different moods for these things, but I'm sure there are many languages that have a mood that can express 'wishes and desires' in which it's just called optative.

Indeed.
I believe this how the question arose.

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Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.

I wondered if I could merge the optative and desiderative as well but it appears I should not.

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It all depends on what you want. It's unreasonable for the to be separate and it's no crazy for them to be together.
I know I'm still working out the moods in Inyauk.

I just realized that I read your first question wrong anyway.

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Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.

Is there some word for things like an Umlaut, but for consonants? You know, like stem alternation?

Do you mean this? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)

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Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.

Consonant gradation/mutation.

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UNUS•ET•UNICUS

The right term for vowels is ablaut right? Or am I losing it?

EDIT: Nvm. The wiki confirms I am losing it.

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Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.

Thank you two, consonant gradiation was the word. :)

Ablaut, umlaut, inlaut... It depends on the situation.


You're welcome.

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UNUS•ET•UNICUS

Are there any attested examples of devoiced vowels, allophonic or otherwise?

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This?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_p ... #Devoicing

There are other languages too, but I am lazy.

_________________
Ikasmu ati'uki nai uraiur.
Hinai nimuśim naimi nai sasamiur urukani. Śi'ama nai huhumiur na ni'amuśim nai sasamiur.
Pumaki nimuśim śima'a na ami nimuśim ara'a. Hini nihrasum i'aku tumra urukani na nihrasum sanik hraspir.