Visigothic 1.0
Visigothic 1.0
Introduction
After purchasing and reading parts of The Ancient Languages of Europe, edited by Roger D. Woodard, I had the idea to make a modern descendant of Gothic, as one of the most interesting parts of the book I've read so far was on Gothic. I mentioned my idea in this post, and was encouraged to pursue it further by qwed117, elemtilas, and Ælfwine. Special thanks go to Ælfwine, as we've been communicating about our ideas for Gothic descendants since then.
Because of my familiarity with and education in Spanish, I decided that the language would be heavily influenced by Spanish and called Visigothic, spoken by modern descendants of the Visigoths in a microstate successor to the Visigothic Kingdom surrounded by Spain, near Toledo.
For now, this is just a place for me to put down my ideas for Visigothic so far. Very little, if anything at all, will be set in stone. The main resources I've been using, other than the book I mentioned, are Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Verbix, and this website. Please point me to more resources on Gothic if you can.
After purchasing and reading parts of The Ancient Languages of Europe, edited by Roger D. Woodard, I had the idea to make a modern descendant of Gothic, as one of the most interesting parts of the book I've read so far was on Gothic. I mentioned my idea in this post, and was encouraged to pursue it further by qwed117, elemtilas, and Ælfwine. Special thanks go to Ælfwine, as we've been communicating about our ideas for Gothic descendants since then.
Because of my familiarity with and education in Spanish, I decided that the language would be heavily influenced by Spanish and called Visigothic, spoken by modern descendants of the Visigoths in a microstate successor to the Visigothic Kingdom surrounded by Spain, near Toledo.
For now, this is just a place for me to put down my ideas for Visigothic so far. Very little, if anything at all, will be set in stone. The main resources I've been using, other than the book I mentioned, are Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Verbix, and this website. Please point me to more resources on Gothic if you can.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Overview
Visigothic is an East Germanic language spoken by approximately 100,000 people in Visigothia, also known as the Visigothic Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy and microstate surrounded by the Spanish Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha. The capital of Visigothia is Toledo. Visigothic is one of the two official languages of Visigothia, the other being Spanish, and an official language of Castilla-La Mancha. It is also spoken by ethnic Visigoths around the world, particularly in the United States and several Caribbean nations and territories.
Visigothic is a descendant of Gothic and the only surviving East Germanic language. Overall, it is morphologically fusional, nominative-accusative in alignment, its word order is mainly SVO, it has prepositions, and it is generally head-final. It has two cases for nouns and adjectives, although pronouns have four, and multiple declensions for nouns. There are two grammatical genders, although a third is sometimes preserved in pronouns. Both definite and indefinite articles are used. In verbs, there are three tenses, two aspects, three numbers, two voices, and five moods. Verbs have multiple conjugations as well.
Visigothic is an East Germanic language spoken by approximately 100,000 people in Visigothia, also known as the Visigothic Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy and microstate surrounded by the Spanish Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha. The capital of Visigothia is Toledo. Visigothic is one of the two official languages of Visigothia, the other being Spanish, and an official language of Castilla-La Mancha. It is also spoken by ethnic Visigoths around the world, particularly in the United States and several Caribbean nations and territories.
Visigothic is a descendant of Gothic and the only surviving East Germanic language. Overall, it is morphologically fusional, nominative-accusative in alignment, its word order is mainly SVO, it has prepositions, and it is generally head-final. It has two cases for nouns and adjectives, although pronouns have four, and multiple declensions for nouns. There are two grammatical genders, although a third is sometimes preserved in pronouns. Both definite and indefinite articles are used. In verbs, there are three tenses, two aspects, three numbers, two voices, and five moods. Verbs have multiple conjugations as well.
Last edited by zyma on 17 Aug 2016 06:20, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Phonology and Orthography
Phonemic Inventory
/p b t d k g~ŋ/ <p b~v t d c~qu g~gu>
/f θ s x/ <f z~c s j~g>
/t͡ʃ/ <ch>
/m n ɲ/ <m n ñ>
/r/ <r>
/l ʎ~ʝ/ <l ll>
/i e a/ <i~y e a>
/u o/ <u o>
All vowels and sonorants are fully voiced, as are /b d g~ŋ/. /p t k f θ s x t͡ʃ/ are fully voiceless. /p b m/ are bilabial, /f/ is labiodental, /t d θ/ are dental, /s n r l/ are alveolar, /t͡ʃ/ is palato-alveolar, /ɲ ʎ~ʝ/ are palatal, and /k g~ŋ x/ are velar. /i e a/ are front and /u o/ are back.
Phonotactics
(C)(L)V(C)
C = any consonant
L = any rhotic or lateral
V = any vowel
C = any consonant
More coming soon.
Allophony
Voiceless stops and affricates are aspirated initially and in stressed syllables. Otherwise, they are voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiceless fricatives are also voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiced stops are realized as [β ð ɣ] intervocalically and next to sonorants. In those environments, /θ x/ merge with /d g/ for most speakers.
/m/ becomes labiodental when preceding /f/. /s n r l/ become dental when adjacent to /t d θ/. /k g~ŋ x/ are slightly palatalized when adjacent to /i e/, and slightly labialized when adjacent to /u o/.
/i u/ are [j w] before /i e a u o/ and after /e a o/. [j] is inserted after /e/ and before /a o/, and [w] is inserted after /o/ and before /e a/.
/i e a u o/ become [ɪ ɛ ɐ ʊ ɔ] when followed by multiple consonants or when followed by one consonant and a word boundary. Vowels are nasalized when followed by a nasal and another consonant or a nasal and a word boundary.
The pairs /g~ŋ/ and /ʎ~ʝ/ are in free variation.
For some speakers, /t͡ʃ/ is typically [ʃ]. Some speakers also pronounce /f/ as [ɸ] and /x/ as uvular [χ] or glottal [h].
/r/ is a trill intervocalically, initially, and when adjacent to sonorants and sibilants. Elsewhere, it is a tap.
More coming soon.
Prosody
The initial syllable of a root is stressed. This is usually the initial syllable of a word, unless a prefix is present. Prefixes and infixes are always unstressed, as are many pronouns and content words. If multiple roots come together to form a compound word, only the first root is stressed.
Orthography
In the pairs <c~qu g~gu z~c j~g>, the first letter is used before <a u o> and the second is used before <i e>. Before <i e>, [kw gw] are spelled <qü gü>.
[j] is spelled <y> word initially, word finally, and intervocalically.
The spelling of /b/ is determined etymologically. Historical instances of /v/ are spelled <v>, whereas historical instances of /b/ are spelled <b>.
<h> is silent unless part of the digraph <ch>. Historical /h/ is written between vowels and word-initially.
Phonemic Inventory
/p b t d k g~ŋ/ <p b~v t d c~qu g~gu>
/f θ s x/ <f z~c s j~g>
/t͡ʃ/ <ch>
/m n ɲ/ <m n ñ>
/r/ <r>
/l ʎ~ʝ/ <l ll>
/i e a/ <i~y e a>
/u o/ <u o>
All vowels and sonorants are fully voiced, as are /b d g~ŋ/. /p t k f θ s x t͡ʃ/ are fully voiceless. /p b m/ are bilabial, /f/ is labiodental, /t d θ/ are dental, /s n r l/ are alveolar, /t͡ʃ/ is palato-alveolar, /ɲ ʎ~ʝ/ are palatal, and /k g~ŋ x/ are velar. /i e a/ are front and /u o/ are back.
Phonotactics
(C)(L)V(C)
C = any consonant
L = any rhotic or lateral
V = any vowel
C = any consonant
More coming soon.
Allophony
Voiceless stops and affricates are aspirated initially and in stressed syllables. Otherwise, they are voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiceless fricatives are also voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiced stops are realized as [β ð ɣ] intervocalically and next to sonorants. In those environments, /θ x/ merge with /d g/ for most speakers.
/m/ becomes labiodental when preceding /f/. /s n r l/ become dental when adjacent to /t d θ/. /k g~ŋ x/ are slightly palatalized when adjacent to /i e/, and slightly labialized when adjacent to /u o/.
/i u/ are [j w] before /i e a u o/ and after /e a o/. [j] is inserted after /e/ and before /a o/, and [w] is inserted after /o/ and before /e a/.
/i e a u o/ become [ɪ ɛ ɐ ʊ ɔ] when followed by multiple consonants or when followed by one consonant and a word boundary. Vowels are nasalized when followed by a nasal and another consonant or a nasal and a word boundary.
The pairs /g~ŋ/ and /ʎ~ʝ/ are in free variation.
For some speakers, /t͡ʃ/ is typically [ʃ]. Some speakers also pronounce /f/ as [ɸ] and /x/ as uvular [χ] or glottal [h].
/r/ is a trill intervocalically, initially, and when adjacent to sonorants and sibilants. Elsewhere, it is a tap.
More coming soon.
Prosody
The initial syllable of a root is stressed. This is usually the initial syllable of a word, unless a prefix is present. Prefixes and infixes are always unstressed, as are many pronouns and content words. If multiple roots come together to form a compound word, only the first root is stressed.
Orthography
In the pairs <c~qu g~gu z~c j~g>, the first letter is used before <a u o> and the second is used before <i e>. Before <i e>, [kw gw] are spelled <qü gü>.
[j] is spelled <y> word initially, word finally, and intervocalically.
The spelling of /b/ is determined etymologically. Historical instances of /v/ are spelled <v>, whereas historical instances of /b/ are spelled <b>.
<h> is silent unless part of the digraph <ch>. Historical /h/ is written between vowels and word-initially.
Last edited by zyma on 16 Aug 2016 16:44, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Diachronic Phonology
iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː > i e ɛ a ɔ o u
mb nd ŋg > mː nː ŋː
Cː > C
ŋ > g
i > j / (C,#)_V
u > w / (C,#)_V
z > s
θ > s / _t, t_
θ > t / _C, C_
θ > s
kʷ gʷ ʍ > ku gu hu / _C
kʷ gʷ ʍ > kw gw hw
w > v / V_V
k g kw gw > t͡s ʒ k g / _(i,e)
kj gj tj dj > t͡s ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
(C)Cs > (C)Cɛs / _#
CC > CCɛ / _#
sC > ɛsC / #_
ɛ ɔ > e o
ˈi ˈu > e o
i u > e o / _(C)#
ʒ d͡ʒ > ʃ t͡ʃ
t͡s ʃ > θ x
f > h / #_(i,e,a)
x > h / #_(i,e)
h > Ø
More coming soon.
iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː > i e ɛ a ɔ o u
mb nd ŋg > mː nː ŋː
Cː > C
ŋ > g
i > j / (C,#)_V
u > w / (C,#)_V
z > s
θ > s / _t, t_
θ > t / _C, C_
θ > s
kʷ gʷ ʍ > ku gu hu / _C
kʷ gʷ ʍ > kw gw hw
w > v / V_V
k g kw gw > t͡s ʒ k g / _(i,e)
kj gj tj dj > t͡s ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
(C)Cs > (C)Cɛs / _#
CC > CCɛ / _#
sC > ɛsC / #_
ɛ ɔ > e o
ˈi ˈu > e o
i u > e o / _(C)#
ʒ d͡ʒ > ʃ t͡ʃ
t͡s ʃ > θ x
f > h / #_(i,e,a)
x > h / #_(i,e)
h > Ø
More coming soon.
Last edited by zyma on 17 Aug 2016 00:32, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
How did that arise?shimobaatar wrote:/g~ŋ/ [is] in free variation.
Did Gothic have /v/?shimobaatar wrote:Historical instances of /v/ are spelled <v>
Just a nitpick, but I think you've already excreted an /ɛ/ after all word-final consonant clusters, so this rule could really just read "i u > e o / _(C)#."shimobaatar wrote:i u > e o / _(C)(C)#
Do you plan on having any vowel-breaking, like in Spanish?shimobaatar wrote:More coming soon.
As for more resources, you may want to look into William H. Bennett's Introduction to the Gothic Language, which discusses in good detail the historical development of Gothic. It's been a while since I've looked at that book, so I don't know how useful it'd be to you, but it could be worth checking out at a library. I'll see if I happen to find any more bibliography over the next few days (which will depend on whether I get around to reading a few books of my own, so no promises).
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Nice synchronic chain shiftshimobaatar wrote:Voiceless stops and sibilants are aspirated initially and in stressed syllables. Otherwise, they are voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiced stops are realized as [β ð ɣ] intervocalically and next to sonorants.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Currently, my explanation is that once [ŋg] became [ŋ], the velar nasal was phonemic only in a very limited number of words, so it merged with /g/.Clio wrote:How did that arise?shimobaatar wrote:/g~ŋ/ [is] in free variation.
No, but it had /w/, which became [v] intervocalically and /u/ [w] elsewhere. That might change, though.Clio wrote:Did Gothic have /v/?shimobaatar wrote:Historical instances of /v/ are spelled <v>
Whoops, you're right. Nice catch! I'll edit that now.Clio wrote:Just a nitpick, but I think you've already excreted an /ɛ/ after all word-final consonant clusters, so this rule could really just read "i u > e o / _(C)#."shimobaatar wrote:i u > e o / _(C)(C)#
I've toyed with that idea in the past, but not at the moment, no.Clio wrote:Do you plan on having any vowel-breaking, like in Spanish?shimobaatar wrote:More coming soon.
Thanks for the recommendation, and your comments! No worries at all if you don't get around to it.Clio wrote: As for more resources, you may want to look into William H. Bennett's Introduction to the Gothic Language, which discusses in good detail the historical development of Gothic. It's been a while since I've looked at that book, so I don't know how useful it'd be to you, but it could be worth checking out at a library. I'll see if I happen to find any more bibliography over the next few days (which will depend on whether I get around to reading a few books of my own, so no promises).
Thank you! I've considered having all the voiceless fricatives become voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants as well.Creyeditor wrote:Nice synchronic chain shiftshimobaatar wrote:Voiceless stops and sibilants are aspirated initially and in stressed syllables. Otherwise, they are voiced intervocalically and next to sonorants. Voiced stops are realized as [β ð ɣ] intervocalically and next to sonorants.
Last edited by zyma on 16 Aug 2016 18:51, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Nouns
Nominal morphology can be described as fusional. There are two cases, nominative and oblique. Gothic's vocative, genitive, and dative cases have fallen out of use in nouns. There are two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Gothic's neuter gender has largely merged with the masculine. There are also two numbers, singular and plural. Visigothic has nine noun declensions. Four are strong, three are weak, and two are minor.
The language is nominative-accusative. Therefore, the nominative case is used when a noun is the experiencer of an intransitive verb or when it's the agent of a transitive verb. The nominative can also be used for vocative expressions.
The oblique case is used when a noun is the patient of a transitive verb or when it's part of a prepositional phrase. Like the nominative, the oblique can be used for vocative expressions, although this usage is not as common as it is for the nominative. The genitive and dative cases have been replaced by the oblique case preceded by the prepositions "af" and "du", respectively. These prepositions combine with articles.
The -a Declension
This declension contains masculine nouns. The oblique singular ending was innovated by analogy with the nominative singular ending, and the final -s of the nominative singular ending was lost by analogy with the oblique singular ending. Formerly neuter nouns now decline the same way as masculine nouns. This declension contains nouns from the former -a and -ja declensions. The -j- of the -ja declension endings has been reanalyzed as part of the noun roots. Some nouns have different stems in the singular and plural.
The -o Declension
This declension contains feminine nouns. This declension contains nouns from the former -ō and -jō declensions. The nominative singular ending of the -jō declension was changed by analogy with the nominative singular ending of the -ō declension and the oblique singular ending of the -jō declension. The -j- of the -jō declension endings has been reanalyzed as part of the noun roots. Some nouns have different stems in the singular and plural.
The -i Declension
This declension contains masculine and feminine nouns. They are declined the same way. The oblique singular ending was innovated by analogy with the nominative singular ending, and the final -s of the nominative singular ending was lost by analogy with the oblique singular ending. Some nouns have different stems in the singular and plural.
The -u Declension
This declension contains masculine nouns. Formerly neuter nouns are now declined the same way as masculine nouns. The final -s of the nominative singular ending was lost by analogy with the oblique singular ending. The -j- of the nominative plural endings has been lost by analogy with the other endings.
The -an Declension
This declension contains masculine nouns. Formerly neuter nouns are now declined the same way as masculine nouns.
The -on Declension
This declension contains feminine nouns. This declension contains nouns from the former -ōn declension.
The -in Declension
This declension contains feminine nouns. This declension contains nouns from the former -ein declension.
The -r Declension
This declension contains masculine and feminine nouns, which are declined identically. The initial -e- in the plural suffixes was added to ease pronunciation.
The -nd Declension
This declension contains masculine and feminine nouns, which are declined identically. The oblique singular ending was innovated by analogy with the nominative singular ending, and the final -s of the nominative singular ending was lost by analogy with the oblique singular ending. This declension contains nouns from the former -nd and root noun declensions.
Nominal morphology can be described as fusional. There are two cases, nominative and oblique. Gothic's vocative, genitive, and dative cases have fallen out of use in nouns. There are two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Gothic's neuter gender has largely merged with the masculine. There are also two numbers, singular and plural. Visigothic has nine noun declensions. Four are strong, three are weak, and two are minor.
The language is nominative-accusative. Therefore, the nominative case is used when a noun is the experiencer of an intransitive verb or when it's the agent of a transitive verb. The nominative can also be used for vocative expressions.
The oblique case is used when a noun is the patient of a transitive verb or when it's part of a prepositional phrase. Like the nominative, the oblique can be used for vocative expressions, although this usage is not as common as it is for the nominative. The genitive and dative cases have been replaced by the oblique case preceded by the prepositions "af" and "du", respectively. These prepositions combine with articles.
The -a Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -e -os
OBL. -e -anes
Spoiler:
The -o Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -a -os
OBL. -a -os
Spoiler:
The -i Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -e -es
OBL. -e -ines
Spoiler:
The -u Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -o -os
OBL. -o -unes
Spoiler:
The -an Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -a -anes
OBL. -an -anes
Spoiler:
The -on Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -o -ones
OBL. -on -ones
Spoiler:
The -in Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -e -ines
OBL. -en -ines
Spoiler:
The -r Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -ar -ellos
OBL. -ar -erunes
Spoiler:
The -nd Declension
Code: Select all
SG. PL.
NOM. -e -es
OBL. -e -es
Spoiler:
Last edited by zyma on 24 Nov 2017 01:52, edited 10 times in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
How did Visigothic Kingdom survive, instead of being incorporated into Spain? Besides, I considered setting in Azores, Madeira and Extremadura instead.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
I haven't worked out the exact history of the speakers of Visigothic yet, just like the language is still being developed. For all I know, I may change my mind have them live in a small Autonomous Community of Spain centered around Toledo. Currently, though, I'm still trying to think of a way to justify a very small Visigothic Kingdom surviving into the modern day. As for your location suggestions, you can set your own Gothic descendent wherever you want, but I'm keeping mine where I have it now.Zythros Jubi wrote:How did Visigothic Kingdom survive, instead of being incorporated into Spain? Besides, I considered setting in Azores, Madeira and Extremadura instead.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
This looks really interesting! Hope to see more
Re: Visigothic 1.0
Thank you!All4Ɇn wrote:This looks really interesting! Hope to see more
By the way, I forgot to mention above that suggestions regarding how the Visigothic Kingdom might have survived into the present day are very much welcome.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Very cool :D Noun declensions are my favorite part of morphology, so can't wait to see some fully declined nouns.
I've always wondered what it would've been like if the Visigoths had stayed in Spain and how the languages might have developed. :)
I've always wondered what it would've been like if the Visigoths had stayed in Spain and how the languages might have developed. :)
Re: Visigothic 1.0
Looks very good so far!shimobaatar wrote:Introduction
After purchasing and reading parts of The Ancient Languages of Europe, edited by Roger D. Woodard, I had the idea to make a modern descendant of Gothic, as one of the most interesting parts of the book I've read so far was on Gothic. I mentioned my idea in this post, and was encouraged to pursue it further by qwed117, elemtilas, and Ælfwine. Special thanks go to Ælfwine, as we've been communicating about our ideas for Gothic descendants since then.
Because of my familiarity with and education in Spanish, I decided that the language would be heavily influenced by Spanish and called Visigothic, spoken by modern descendants of the Visigoths in a microstate successor to the Visigothic Kingdom surrounded by Spain, near Toledo.
For now, this is just a place for me to put down my ideas for Visigothic so far. Very little, if anything at all, will be set in stone. The main resources I've been using, other than the book I mentioned, are Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Verbix, and this website. Please point me to more resources on Gothic if you can.
Good Gothic resources:
As I am currently working on Varangian and my Iberian Gothic is more or less a side project to that, I won't be posting anything until much later when I have made some significant headway. Personally I am going with a much more Catalonian influence.
Last edited by Ælfwine on 16 Aug 2016 21:51, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Popping in to say that this is really cool! I look forward to seeing more!
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Well one idea I have is that maybe it hasn't continually existed the entire time. Maybe it was at one point just a part of Spain but because of the area's united socio-linguistic community it revolted against Spain and eventually won its independenceshimobaatar wrote:Thank you!All4Ɇn wrote:This looks really interesting! Hope to see more
By the way, I forgot to mention above that suggestions regarding how the Visigothic Kingdom might have survived into the present day are very much welcome.
Re: Visigothic 1.0
Thanks! I'm a fan of noun declension, too. I've added examples based on those given by Wikipedia for some of the declensions, and I'm currently working on examples for the rest of them.KaiTheHomoSapien wrote:Very cool :D Noun declensions are my favorite part of morphology, so can't wait to see some fully declined nouns.
I've always wondered what it would've been like if the Visigoths had stayed in Spain and how the languages might have developed. :)
Hopefully my version of what would've happened will continue to interest you!
Thank you, and I very much appreciate the list of resources. I'll have to check those out.Ælfwine wrote: Looks very good so far!
Good Gothic resources:
As I am currently working on Varangian and my Iberian Gothic is more or less a side project to that, I won't be posting anything until much later when I have made some significant headway. Personally I am going with a much more Catalonian influence.Spoiler:
Well, I look forward to seeing more of any of your projects. I'm not very familiar with Catalan, so I'll probably steer away from having it influence Visigothic too much. I don't know if it even should influence it that much, given the geographic location of Visigothia. That's not to say I'll ignore it completely, though.
Thank you!felipesnark wrote:Popping in to say that this is really cool! I look forward to seeing more!
Interesting idea! I'll definitely have to keep this in mind.All4Ɇn wrote: Well one idea I have is that maybe it hasn't continually existed the entire time. Maybe it was at one point just a part of Spain but because of the area's united socio-linguistic community it revolted against Spain and eventually won its independence
I'm also going to look further into how real-world microstates have kept their independence.
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
This of course follows the great examples set by the Basques and Catalans, proud peoples who through integrity, tenacity and sheer national pride have managed to wrest themselves from the tyrannical clutches of their former Castillian overlords and forge new paths as independent nations...All4Ɇn wrote:Well one idea I have is that maybe it hasn't continually existed the entire time. Maybe it was at one point just a part of Spain but because of the area's united socio-linguistic community it revolted against Spain and eventually won its independenceshimobaatar wrote:Thank you!All4Ɇn wrote:This looks really interesting! Hope to see more
By the way, I forgot to mention above that suggestions regarding how the Visigothic Kingdom might have survived into the present day are very much welcome.
Re: Visigothic 1.0
Indeed, I thought something similar.Frislander wrote:This of course follows the great examples set by the Basques and Catalans, proud peoples who through integrity, tenacity and sheer national pride have managed to wrest themselves from the tyrannical clutches of their former Castillian overlords and forge new paths as independent nations...
The post on nouns has now been updated with examples for every declension. The examples are all the nouns listed on this Wikipedia page under the sections on noun declension.
The user formerly known as "shimobaatar".
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Re: Visigothic 1.0
Most of Europe's modern microstates gained and kept their freedom through some combination of diplomacy, good luck and isolated locations. San Marino might be a place to look, being completely surrounded by another country; at different times, it gained the favor of Napoleon and one of the leaders in Italy's unification, both of whom allowed it to remain sovereign.shimobaatar wrote:I'm also going to look further into how real-world microstates have kept their independence.
I look forward to hearing more about the language, and I'm sure the Visigothic Kingdom has had a colorful history, so it'll be neat to see that fleshed out.