Cáncair - WIP

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The posts below until this post are obsolete.

This thread is about my new WIP conlang,Pxoráp.
Pxoráp is heavily synthetic,probably polysynthetic.

Part 1 - Phonology

Consonants

Pxoráp has 23 consonants,16 pulmonic ones and 7 ejective ones.

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 IPA 
m n
p t k kʷ q ʔ
p' t' k' q'
t͡s t͡ɬ t͡ʃ
t͡s' t͡ɬ' t͡ʃ'
s ɬ ʃ 
ɾ
w

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 Orthography 
m n
p t c cq q '
p' t' c' q'
tz tl tx
tz' tl' tx'
s ll x 
r
v

Some allophony
/w/ is intervocalically a [v].
/ɬ/ is a [l] after a labial or a coronal consonant and before a non-front vowel and a [ʟ] after a dorsal consonant.
/ɬ/ is a [λ] after a labial or a coronal consonant and before a front vowel.
/n t t' k k' t͡ʃ t͡ʃ' s ʃ/ are [ɲ c c' t͡ʃ t͡ʃ' t͡ɕ t͡ɕ' ɕ] before a front vowel.
/n/ is [n̠] when neighboring a postalveolar consonant.
Consonants are voiced when neighboring a nasal consonant.
/n/ is a [ŋ] before a velar consonant and word-finally.
/n/ is a [ɴ] before an uvular consonant.

Vowels

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 IPA
iː             uː
 ɪ           ʊ
eː            oː
ɛ            ɔ
      ä äː

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 Orthography
í              ú
 i           u
é             ó
e             o
      a á

Some allophony
/ɪ iː ɛ eː ä äː/ are [ᵻ ɨː ə əː ɑ ɑː] before and after an uvular consonant.
/ä äː ɛ eː/ are [jä jäː jɛ jeː] word-initially.
/ʊ ɔ/ are [ʊ̜ ʌ] between obstruents in unstressed syllables.
/ɪ iː ɛ eː/ are [ʏ yː œ øː] after /kʷ/ in stressed syllables.
/ɪ iː/ are intervocalically [j jː].

Syllables

The syllable structure of Pxoráp is (C)(C)V(C).
I made a table of permitted syllable onsets.

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In onsets,/ɾ w/ can be only the second consonant in onset consonant clusters or the only consonant in an onset.
Ejectives and /ʔ/ are never in onset consonant clusters.
The only consonants that can be a syllable coda are /m n p t k kʷ q ʔ s ɬ ʃ ɾ w/.
Stress is irregular in monosyllabic words.
Stress falls on the first syllable in bisyllabic words.
Stress falls on the next-to-last syllable in words with 3+ syllables,except if the next-to-last syllable has a coda.Then the stress falls to the last syllable.

Sandhi

Quite simple.
/ts tɬ tʃ/ become /t͡s t͡ɬ t͡ʃ/.
/ɪɪ ʊʊ ɛɛ ɔɔ ää/ become /iː uː eː oː äː/.
/kw/ becomes /kʷ/
/pʔ tʔ kʔ qʔ t͡sʔ t͡ɬʔ t͡ʃʔ/ become /p' t' k' q' t͡s' t͡ɬ' t͡ʃ'/.
If a -V or -VC suffix is suffixed on a stem whose vowel in the last syllable is /ä/,that /ä/ is deleted and the vowel from next-to-last syllable of the stem is lengthened if short.

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More to come!
I appreciate feedback and constructive criticism!

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Part 2 - Morphology

Nominal morphology
Very simple.
The nouns are inflected per possession.
The structure of a fully inflected Pxoráp noun would be like this: POSSESSION-ROOT

Possession
Possession is marked using prefixes.
The table below summarizes them together with their English equivalents.

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Person	Pxorap prefix	English equivalent
1SG	       tx'á-	          my
2SG	       cqin-	          thy
3SG	       pran-	          his/her/its
1PL	       ma'-	           our
2PL	       qtzé-	          your
3PL          'aca-	          their

Examples using the noun rúc („arm“)
tx'árúc – my arm
cqinrúc – thy arm
pranrúc – his/her/its arm
ma'rúc – our arm
qtzérúc – your arm
'acarúc – their arm

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I would like to have some feedback.

[Click]

I'd like to have some feedback.

[Golahet]

This thread is about my new WIP conlang,Pxoráp.

"WIP" = "Wery Important Project"?

Pxoráp is heavily synthetic,probably polysynthetic.

Does it have polypersonal agreement or noun incorporation (that's basically how I understand "polysynthetic" apart from simply "synthetic")?

The syllable structure of Pxoráp is (C)(C)V(C).
I made a table of permitted syllable onsets.

TABLE

Does Pxoráp allow null onsets? "(C)(C)V(C)" indicates that it does, but the table that it doesn't.

Stress is irregular in monosyllabic words.

Like an election with only one eligible candidate? :)

Stress falls on the first syllable in bisyllabic words.
Stress falls on the next-to-last syllable in words with 3+ syllables,except if the next-to-last syllable has a coda.Then the stress falls to the last syllable.

Why doesn't bisyllabic words behave the same as words with more syllables?

[Click]

Golahet wrote: This thread is about my new WIP conlang,Pxoráp. "WIP" = "Wery Important Project"?

What you've written,and Work In Progress.

Golahet wrote: Pxoráp is heavily synthetic,probably polysynthetic. Does it have polypersonal agreement or noun incorporation (that's basically how I understand "polysynthetic" apart from simply "synthetic")?

Both of them,but I haven't worked out the morphology and syntax yet.

Golahet wrote: The syllable structure of Pxoráp is (C)(C)V(C). I made a table of permitted syllable onsets. TABLE Does Pxoráp allow null onsets? "(C)(C)V(C)" indicates that it does, but the table that it doesn't.

It does allow null onsets.I thought that it'd be unnecessary to put it in the table.

Golahet wrote: Stress is irregular in monosyllabic words. Like an election with only one eligible candidate? :)

Meanwhile,I got a better idea.The monosyllabic content words are stressed,but the function words aren't.

Golahet wrote: Stress falls on the first syllable in bisyllabic words. Stress falls on the next-to-last syllable in words with 3+ syllables,except if the next-to-last syllable has a coda.Then the stress falls to the last syllable. Why doesn't bisyllabic words behave the same as words with more syllables?

Because I decided so.

[Golahet]

Golahet wrote: Does Pxoráp allow null onsets? "(C)(C)V(C)" indicates that it does, but the table that it doesn't.

It does allow null onsets.I thought that it'd be unnecessary to put it in the table.

I think it's unnecessary too. I was too quick to respond.


My reply to the rest you wrote is "ok" :)

[Click]

I wrote: I have scrapped Pxoráp and put in Niùvara,my new conlang, the features of Pxoráp I liked.

Phonology
Consonants
A quite symmetric consonant inventory with 18 phonemic consonants.

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| IPA               | Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar |
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| Nasals            |    m     |   n    |    ɲ    |   ŋ   |
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| Stops             |    p     |   t    |    c    |   k   |
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| Fricatives        |   ɸ~f    |   s    |    ç    |   x   |
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| Approximants      |          |  ɹ~ɾ   |    j    |   w   |
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| Lat. approximants |          |   l    |    ʎ    |   ʟ   |
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| Orthography       | Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar |
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| Nasals            |     m    |   n    |    ņ    |   g   |
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| Stops             |     p    |   t    |    c    |   k   |
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| Fricatives        |     f    |   s    |    ç    |   x   |
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| Approximants      |          |   r    |    y    |   v   |
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| Lat. approximants |          |   l    |    ļ    |   h   |
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Vowels
The vowel system of Niùvarā is a /a i u/ 3-vowel system.
Each vowel has its phonemic long counterpart.
There are 8 phonemic diphthongs.

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| IPA  | Front | Central | Back |
---------------------------------
| High |  i i: |         | u u: |
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| Low  |       |   a a:  |      |
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-----------------------------------------
| Orthography  | Front | Central | Back |
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| High         |  i ī  |         | u ū  |
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| Low          |       |   a ā   |      |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
| IPA         | Diphthongs | ai̯ | au̯ | u̯a | i̯a | ui̯ | i̯u | u̯i | iu̯ |
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| Orthography | Diphthongs | aì | aù | ùa | ìa | uì | ìu | ùi | iù |
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Allophony
Intervocalically, /j/ is realized as [ʝ].
Intervocalically, /w/ is realized as [v].
Intervocalically, the consonants /p/, /t/, /c/, /k/, /ɸ/, /s/, /ç/ and /x/ are voiced to b], [d], [ɟ], [g], [β], [z], [ʝ] and [ɣ].
The consonants /m/, /p/, and /k/are realized as [mʲ], [pʲ], and [kʲ] in non-intervocalical position before /i/, /i̯/, /iː/ and /j/.

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Intervocalically, the vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ are realized as [j] and [w].
Before a nasal,the vowels /a/, /aː/, /i/, /iː/, /u/, /uː/, /i̯/ and /u̯/ are realized as [ã], [ãː], [ẽ], [ẽː], [õ], [õː], [ẽ̯] and [õ̯].
Before /w/, /i/ and /iː/ are realized as [y] and [yː].
Before /u/ and /uː/, /i/ and /iː/ are realized as [ɨ] and [ɨː].
Between stops in unstressed syllables, /u/ and /uː/ are realized as [ɯ] and [ɯː].
Word-initially in unstressed syllables, /a/, /i/ and /i̯/ are realized as [ə], [ɪ] and [ɪ̯].

Syllables
If possible,a syllable in Niùvarā does not have a coda.
The syllable structure of Niùvarā is moderately complex:(C)(C)N(C).
The permitted syllable onsets are as follows:/m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /t/, /c/, /k/, /ɸ/, /s/, /ç/, /x/ /ɹ/, /j/, /w/, /l/, /ʎ/, /ʟ/, /mɹ/, /nɹ/, /ŋɹ/, /pɹ/, /tɹ/, /kɹ/, /ɸɹ/, /sɹ/, /xɹ/, /wɹ/, /mj/, /ŋj/, /pj/, /tj/, /kj/, /ɸj/, /ɹj/, /wj/, /mw/, /nw/, /ɲw/, /ŋw/, /pw/, /tw/, /cw/, /kw/,/sw/, /çw/, /xw/, /ɹw/, /jw/, /lw/ and /ʎw/.
The permitted syllable nuclei are as follows:/a/, /aː/, /i/, /iː/, /u/, /uː/, /i̯a/, /u̯a/, /u̯i/, /i̯u/, /ai̯/, /ui̯/, /au̯/ and /iu̯/.
The permitted syllable codas are as follows:/ɹ/, /j/ and /w/.

Sandhi
The sandhi rules of Niùvarā are summarized in this section.
1. V1 + V1 > V1ː
When two same short vowels are placed next to each other, they fuse to a long vowel.
This rule does not apply for onglides and offglides.
2. C1 + C1 > C1
When two same consonants are placed next to each other, the second consonant is deleted.
3.C1V1 + C2V1 > C1u̯V1ː
C1 can be any consonant, and C2 can be only /ɸ/ or /w/.
When the first V1 is preceded by any consonant and second V1 by /ɸ/ or /w/, /ɸ/ or /w/ becomes /u̯/, the first V1 is deleted and the second V1 lengthened.
4. C1V1 + C2V1 > C1i̯V1ː
C1 can be any consonant, and C2 can be only /j/.
When the first V1 is preceded by any consonant and second V1 by /j/, /j/ becomes /i̯/, the first V1 is deleted and the second V1 lengthened.
5. V1 + V2 > V̯1V2
V1 can be /i/ or /u/, and V2 can be only /a/.
When the V1 is followed by V2 that has not got an offglide,it becomes the onglide of V2.
6. V1ː + V2ː > V1V2ː
V1 can only be /iː/ or /uː/, and V2 can be only /aː/.
When /iː/ or /uː/ is followed by /aː/, it is shortened to /i/ or /u/.
7. V1ː + V1ː > V1ː
When two same long vowels are placed next to each other, they fuse to a only one long vowel.

Edit: Corrected some sandhi errors.

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As usual,I appreciate constructive feedback.

[Maoti]

.

[Xing]

Also, why do /i/ and /u/ change to [ẽ] and [õ] before nasal consonants, instead of changing to [ĩ] and [ũ]? I can’t think of any reason why vowels should be lowered in addition to becoming nasalized in this environment.

Because nasalised vowels tend to be more open?

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Maoti wrote: /ʟ/ is actually a very rare sound in natlangs because it’s so hard to pronounce.

My dialect of Croatian has /ʟ/.

Maoti wrote: Your allophony has some oddities, such as /j/ and /w/changing to [ʝ] and [v] intervocalically. There's no phonological reason why approximants should become fricatives intervocalically.

When I make allophony rules, I always pronounce phonemes in certain environments.When I pronounced /j/ and /w/ in intervocalic environment, I realized them as [ʝ] and [v].

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Niùvarā has now a wiki page where it is developed.

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I have finished the noun section.
Take a look and leave some feedback!

Nouns
In Niùvarā, nouns inflect per 6 noun classes and 4 cases. The structure of a maximally inflected noun is NOUN-CASE.NOUN_CLASS

Case
In Niùvarā, nouns distinguish 4 cases:nominative, accusative, locative and oblique.

Before the fusion with noun class endings, their suffixes were -ø(unmarked) for nominative, -tāt for accusative, -lī for locative and -ūr for oblique case.

The nominative case is used to mark subject of clauses.
The accusative case is used to mark direct objects and recipients of verbs(the latter used together with prepositions).
The locative case is used together with appropriate prepositions to express location of a noun.
The oblique case is also used together with appropriate prepositions for expressing everything else.

Noun classes
Niùvarā distinguishes 6 noun classes:Class 1 or Human, Class 2 or Animate, Class 3 or Plants, Class 4 or Water, Class 5 or Manmade and Class 6 or Nature.

Before the fusion with case suffixes, their endings were -ta for Class 1, -ņu for Class 2, -kvī for Class 3, -xā for Class 4, -bar for Class 5 and -myū for Class 6.

Class 1 or Human mostly includes gods, humans, eyes of humans and shadows of humans.
Class 2 or Animate mostly includes animals(except insects and fish), wind, fire and celestial objects.
Class 3 or Plant mostly includes plants, algae and mushrooms.
Class 4 or Water mostly includes water, fish, rain and clouds.
Class 5 or Manmade mostly includes products made by humans.
Class 6 or Nature mostly includes everything else.

However, the borders of some noun classes are blurry, e.g. the word "salad" doesn't fall into Class 5 (Manmade), but in Class 3 (Plants).

Noun inflection
The suffixes that mark nouns for noun class and case are listed on the table below.


Number
In Niùvarā, nouns don't mark number by the means of affixes, but number is expressed by quantifier proclitics.

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A noun in quidal number has a meaning of some NOUN, e.g. some cats.
The name quidal is derived from Latin word "quidam", that means "some".
There is no standard glossing abbreviation for the quidal number, but in this grammar I use QUID for abbreviating the quidal number in glosses.

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A noun in multal number has a meaning of some NOUN, e.g. some cats.
The name multal is derived from Latin word "multis", that means "many".
There is no standard glossing abbreviation for the multal number, but in this grammar I use MULT for abbreviating the multal number in glosses.

[Solarius]

I like all the variety In noun classes that you had. A nice big noun class system is soemthing that seems underused in conlangs, so It's quite nice to see it here.