I have heard of dragons
Re: I have heard of dragons
Vtain doesn't have grammatical evidentials. Kahichali does, but I'll practice with Vtain.
Kïrimba isn't an equivalent of 'dragon', but it is a flying snake from Soul world, and it is believed to be able to visit the visible world sometimes. Krimba, by the way, means a real snake.
Gle kïrimp plomäne.
kl-a kïrimb-ø plom-än-e
PRON.SG1-SPEC.DAT kïlimba-NONSPEC.INTR tell-PASS-PERF.PST
Lit: 'To me kïlimba was told.'
CPEC -specific
NONSPEC - non-specific
INTR - intransitive case
Plomi is a transitive verb (like discuss), so it must be passivized because the one who tells is not mentioned.
Kïrimba isn't an equivalent of 'dragon', but it is a flying snake from Soul world, and it is believed to be able to visit the visible world sometimes. Krimba, by the way, means a real snake.
Gle kïrimp plomäne.
kl-a kïrimb-ø plom-än-e
PRON.SG1-SPEC.DAT kïlimba-NONSPEC.INTR tell-PASS-PERF.PST
Lit: 'To me kïlimba was told.'
CPEC -specific
NONSPEC - non-specific
INTR - intransitive case
Plomi is a transitive verb (like discuss), so it must be passivized because the one who tells is not mentioned.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: I have heard of dragons
ἀκήκοα περὶ τῶν δρακοντῶν
hear-PERF-IND-ACT.1SG about DEF.M-GEN.PL dragon-M.GEN.PL
I have heard about dragons.
hear-PERF-IND-ACT.1SG about DEF.M-GEN.PL dragon-M.GEN.PL
I have heard about dragons.
: | : | : | :
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her
Re: I have heard of dragons
Heocg:
Not terribly interesting. "dragons" is in the Dative and the whole sentence basically means "I have been informed of dragons":
Fah ęfragibhuh gurtyur.
1SG.NOM dragon-DAT.PL inform-PASS-PST
Note that the word I glossed as "dragon" is a Heocg folk monster called an "Ēfragū". It lives in the sea and is made completely out of paper. Every hundred years or so, it comes up and demands that someone write an epic story whose length equals the amount of paper on it. If someone succeeds, the Ēfragū grants immense riches to them and their tribe. If they fail it kills them and their tribe.
Not terribly interesting. "dragons" is in the Dative and the whole sentence basically means "I have been informed of dragons":
Fah ęfragibhuh gurtyur.
1SG.NOM dragon-DAT.PL inform-PASS-PST
Note that the word I glossed as "dragon" is a Heocg folk monster called an "Ēfragū". It lives in the sea and is made completely out of paper. Every hundred years or so, it comes up and demands that someone write an epic story whose length equals the amount of paper on it. If someone succeeds, the Ēfragū grants immense riches to them and their tribe. If they fail it kills them and their tribe.
Nūdenku waga honji ma naku honyasi ne ika-ika ichamase!
female-appearance=despite boy-voice=PAT hold boy-youth=TOP very be.cute-3PL
Honyasi zō honyasi ma naidasu.
boy-youth=AGT boy-youth=PAT love.romantically-3S
female-appearance=despite boy-voice=PAT hold boy-youth=TOP very be.cute-3PL
Honyasi zō honyasi ma naidasu.
boy-youth=AGT boy-youth=PAT love.romantically-3S
Re: I have heard of dragons
Savar dragað.
sav-ar draga-ð
remember-1S dragon-PLU:ACC
Pretty boring eh.
sav-ar draga-ð
remember-1S dragon-PLU:ACC
Pretty boring eh.
First, I learned English.
Dann lernte ich Deutsch.
Y ahora aprendo Español.
Dann lernte ich Deutsch.
Y ahora aprendo Español.
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Re: I have heard of dragons
Sa'ythfyre bwyhrrêgser meo.
saˈɪθfɪɾe ˈvwɪr̥ːɤɣseɻ mew
PERF-inform-3s dragon-PL.DAT.NEUT 1s.ACC
Literal: I have been informed regarding dragons
saˈɪθfɪɾe ˈvwɪr̥ːɤɣseɻ mew
PERF-inform-3s dragon-PL.DAT.NEUT 1s.ACC
Literal: I have been informed regarding dragons
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Re: I have heard of dragons
Rireinutire
tarañono yakave:
ˈtɑɹɑˌŋono ˈjɑkɑve
dragon.NOM be-PRS-HSY
There are dragons (I have heard).
tarañono is not a mythological creature native to Rireinu, it's simply a borrowing of the Human word 'dragon'.
-ve is hearsay evidential, one of the three evidential suffixes of finite verb forms.
tarañono yakave:
ˈtɑɹɑˌŋono ˈjɑkɑve
dragon.NOM be-PRS-HSY
There are dragons (I have heard).
tarañono is not a mythological creature native to Rireinu, it's simply a borrowing of the Human word 'dragon'.
-ve is hearsay evidential, one of the three evidential suffixes of finite verb forms.
Re: I have heard of dragons
I don't have a word for dragon in my Quechua dictionary, so I'll use the word for 'snake'
Amarukuna kankus.
snake-PL be-3PL=HEARSAY
Or
Amarukunamanta uyarirqanin.
snake-PL-ABL hear-PST-1S=ASSERTIVE
The evidential on the second is asserting the fact that the information has been conveyed to me, in contrary to the first where the evidential is referring to the matter of the existence of snakes.
Amarukuna kankus.
snake-PL be-3PL=HEARSAY
Or
Amarukunamanta uyarirqanin.
snake-PL-ABL hear-PST-1S=ASSERTIVE
The evidential on the second is asserting the fact that the information has been conveyed to me, in contrary to the first where the evidential is referring to the matter of the existence of snakes.
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Re: I have heard of dragons
Nimesikia juu ya nondo
/ni.mɛ.si.'ki.ɑ ɗʒu: jɑ 'nɔ.ⁿdɔ/
ni-me-sikia juu ya nondo
1ps-PERF-hear about PART dragon(s)
/ni.mɛ.si.'ki.ɑ ɗʒu: jɑ 'nɔ.ⁿdɔ/
ni-me-sikia juu ya nondo
1ps-PERF-hear about PART dragon(s)
-
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Re: I have heard of dragons
...
Last edited by Plusquamperfekt on 13 Jan 2023 20:22, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: I have heard of dragons
I have heard of dragons
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo igrinbroabil.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈigɾinbɾɔˌabil]
uroblemthai-grur-do igrin-bro-abil
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP hear-EVID.POL-1SG.NOM
EVID: "evidentive" mood
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo igrinbroabil.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈigɾinbɾɔˌabil]
uroblemthai-grur-do igrin-bro-abil
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP hear-EVID.POL-1SG.NOM
EVID: "evidentive" mood
Re: I have heard of dragons
Let's try a little variation:
I have heard about dragons, but they don't exist.
Or alternatively:
I've been been told about dragons, but they don't exist.
Or maybe:
People have told me about dragons, but they don't exist.
Wakeu
Ko kerakera a era mai me okarulannga, teya kuri ima.
PFV PL.tell ERG 3p 1s INSTR dragon, but NEG.exist DEM.PL
or:
Ko kerakera a era okarulannga mo mai, teya kuri ima.
PFV PL.tell ERG 3p dragon DAT 1s, but NEG.EXIST DEM.PL
I have heard about dragons, but they don't exist.
Or alternatively:
I've been been told about dragons, but they don't exist.
Or maybe:
People have told me about dragons, but they don't exist.
Wakeu
Ko kerakera a era mai me okarulannga, teya kuri ima.
PFV PL.tell ERG 3p 1s INSTR dragon, but NEG.exist DEM.PL
or:
Ko kerakera a era okarulannga mo mai, teya kuri ima.
PFV PL.tell ERG 3p dragon DAT 1s, but NEG.EXIST DEM.PL
Re: I have heard of dragons
Chudihr
There's two kinda different ways to say this with slightly different meanings:
adŗefan iuichie asou.
adŗ-efan i-uich-i-e as-sou
hear-1s.PFV SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly
I have heard that dragons exist.
sachùa iuichie asou.
sachù-a i-uich-i-e as-sou
hear-1s.IMP SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly
I know that dragons exist.
Or, for a little variation:
adŗefan iuichie asou, sedi da uiches.
adŗ-efan i-uich-i-e as-sou sedi da uich-es
hear-1s.PFV SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly but NEG live.NMLZ
I have heard about dragons, but they don't exist.
There's two kinda different ways to say this with slightly different meanings:
adŗefan iuichie asou.
adŗ-efan i-uich-i-e as-sou
hear-1s.PFV SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly
I have heard that dragons exist.
sachùa iuichie asou.
sachù-a i-uich-i-e as-sou
hear-1s.IMP SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly
I know that dragons exist.
Or, for a little variation:
adŗefan iuichie asou, sedi da uiches.
adŗ-efan i-uich-i-e as-sou sedi da uich-es
hear-1s.PFV SUBD-live-IRR-3s.IMP snake-fly but NEG live.NMLZ
I have heard about dragons, but they don't exist.
terram impūram incolāmus
hamteu un mont sug
let us live in a dirty world
hamteu un mont sug
let us live in a dirty world
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Re: I have heard of dragons
I have heard about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo igrinbroabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈigɾinbɾɔaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do igrin-bro-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP hear-EVID.POL-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
I've been been told about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo lambrōrdulabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈlambɾɔːɾdulaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do lam-bro-or-dul-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP say-EVID.POL-PASS-DAT-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
People have told me about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo abamgrur lambrozē abameurodul, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈabamgɾuɾ ˈlambɾɔzɛː ˈabamɛuˌɾɔdul, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do abam-grur lam-bro-zē abam-e-uro-dul, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP person-PL.INDF.NEUT-[ERG] say-EVID.POL-CONJ person-SG.DEF.MASC-this-DAT, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
EVID: "evidentive" mood.
DAT: dative case. When a case marker follows the passive voice marker, that case becomes the subject of the verb.
The "-zē" clitic conjunction is the equivalent to "but". It's attached to the verbs of the opposed clauses.
Here it is without the evidentive mood:
I know about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo bemdojoabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈbɛmdɔʒɔaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do bemdo-jo-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP know-IND.POL-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo igrinbroabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈigɾinbɾɔaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do igrin-bro-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP hear-EVID.POL-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
I've been been told about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo lambrōrdulabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈlambɾɔːɾdulaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do lam-bro-or-dul-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP say-EVID.POL-PASS-DAT-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
People have told me about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo abamgrur lambrozē abameurodul, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈabamgɾuɾ ˈlambɾɔzɛː ˈabamɛuˌɾɔdul, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do abam-grur lam-bro-zē abam-e-uro-dul, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP person-PL.INDF.NEUT-[ERG] say-EVID.POL-CONJ person-SG.DEF.MASC-this-DAT, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
EVID: "evidentive" mood.
DAT: dative case. When a case marker follows the passive voice marker, that case becomes the subject of the verb.
The "-zē" clitic conjunction is the equivalent to "but". It's attached to the verbs of the opposed clauses.
Here it is without the evidentive mood:
I know about dragons, but they don't exist.
Obulamga
Uroblemthaigrurdo bemdojoabilzē, zoreimzē.
[ˈuɾɔblɛmðaiˌgɾuɾdɔ ˈbɛmdɔʒɔaˌbilzɛː, ˈzɔɾɛˌimzɛː]
uroblemthai-grur-do bemdo-jo-abil-zē, zo-reim-zē
dragon-PL.INDF.NEUT-TOP know-IND.POL-1SG.NOM-CONJ, IND.POL.NEG-exist-CONJ
Re: I have heard of dragons
Géarthnuns:
Sí löb chek dhbörözçöthsech bzéngöi ngköleth.
[si ˈløb tʃɛk ˌðbøɾøˈʑøθsɛtʃ bzeˈŋøj ŋˈkølɛθ]
1SG-NOM AUX.PresPRF.CAUS.PASS DEF.PL dragon-ACC.PL ever be.aware
I have heard of dragons.
Sí löb chek dhbörözçöthsech bzéngöi ngköleth.
[si ˈløb tʃɛk ˌðbøɾøˈʑøθsɛtʃ bzeˈŋøj ŋˈkølɛθ]
1SG-NOM AUX.PresPRF.CAUS.PASS DEF.PL dragon-ACC.PL ever be.aware
I have heard of dragons.
☯ 道可道,非常道
☯ 名可名,非常名
☯ 名可名,非常名
Re: I have heard of dragons
Naguil
Eorembil robuis romunes fu.
/ɛɔ'rɛmbil 'rɔːbuis 'rɔːmunes fuː/
eo-remb-il rob-ui-s rom-un-es fu
1.SG-hear-PST verbal.exchange-ACC-PL dragon-TMP-PL near
I heard conversations around dragons.
Eorembil robuis romunes fu.
/ɛɔ'rɛmbil 'rɔːbuis 'rɔːmunes fuː/
eo-remb-il rob-ui-s rom-un-es fu
1.SG-hear-PST verbal.exchange-ACC-PL dragon-TMP-PL near
I heard conversations around dragons.
: mother tongue | : fluent (at work) | : room for improvement | : 2nd foreign lang in school | : poor
Re: I have heard of dragons
Old Norse
Ek frétti til linnorma.
1SG.NOM hear_news of dragon-GEN.PL
Yorkish
Ʒ'ha hairt tal um lindormer.
/ça çeːrt tʰal ʊm ˈlɪnˌtɒrmər/
1SG.NOM have.PRS hear-PST.PART tell about dragon-PL
Ek frétti til linnorma.
1SG.NOM hear_news of dragon-GEN.PL
Yorkish
Ʒ'ha hairt tal um lindormer.
/ça çeːrt tʰal ʊm ˈlɪnˌtɒrmər/
1SG.NOM have.PRS hear-PST.PART tell about dragon-PL
: | : | : | :
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her
Re: I have heard of dragons
3SDL:
`´e§¥`§¶b§ªb¥GÞ¬©¥
(me indicated by speech about animals with breath burning...)
`´e§¥`§¶b§ªb¥GÞ¬©¥
(me indicated by speech about animals with breath burning...)
Re: I have heard of dragons
Swang:
Xû Pɛ̇k Jaí Tʰjȧ mʘâŋ Nə̀
Heard Say-to In Wyvern PFTV
I have heard about dragons. (Formal. Implying authority of some kind.)
Xû ɲǂȉ Tʰjȧ mʘâŋ Nə̀
Hear Talk Wyvern PFTV
I've heard of dragons. (Informal. May imply people were shooting the wind. Or you're just using causal speech. "Yeah, I have.")
Xû Pɛ̇k Jaí Tʰjȧ mʘâŋ Nə̀
Heard Say-to In Wyvern PFTV
I have heard about dragons. (Formal. Implying authority of some kind.)
Xû ɲǂȉ Tʰjȧ mʘâŋ Nə̀
Hear Talk Wyvern PFTV
I've heard of dragons. (Informal. May imply people were shooting the wind. Or you're just using causal speech. "Yeah, I have.")